DNA Viruses
DNA Viruses
DNA Viruses
DNA
Single or Double stranded
Glycosylated and/or Methylated
• Cytosine, Uracil, Thymine
Circular
or Linear
Unique purine and/or pyrimidine
bases
Bound protein molecules
General Properties: Capsid
Protomers -> Capsomeres -> Capsid
Protein Coat
Organization gives the virus form
Icosahedral
• Triangular face with hexon
• 12 corners with penton
Helical
• Protomers not grouped in capsomeres
• Bound together to form a ribbon which folds
Complex
General Properties:
Envelope
Lies outside the capsid
Made up of lipids, proteins, CH20
Contains antigens from host & virus
Enveloped or Nonenveloped (naked)
+/- Spikes
Glycoprotein projections of envelope
Functions
• Enzymatic
• Adsorption
• Hemagglutin
Viral Replication Cycle
Adsorption (Attachment): viral protein + host cell receptor
Penetration
Uncoating: cytoplasm of host using proteolytic enzymes
Replication of NA (DNA)
Early Transcription (ds DNA is needed, ss-> ds)
Early Translation (mRNA-> enzymes for viral DNA)
Late Transcription (ds DNA used)
Late Translation (mRNA-> proteins for capsid)
Assembly: NA + capsid
Maturation
Enveloped: cell membrane
Non-enveloped: naked, accumulated in cell -> inclusions
Complex: multilayered membrane
Release: via cell lysis
Viral Pathogenicity
Contributing Factors
Ability to enter cell
Ability to grow in cell
Ability to combat host defenses
Ability to produce damage
• Cell Lysis via hypersensitivity reactions (II, IV)
• Production of toxic substances
• Cell transformation
• Metabolism and cellular products: Turn “on” genes
• Structural: Nuclear or Cytoplasmic inclusions
DNA VIRUS
Name of Virus With Shape of Capsid Strand
Envelope
Poxviridae Linear
Varicella-Zoster virus
Epstein-Barr virus
Herpes Virus 7
ssDNA virus-
Cytoplasmic Replication-
NAME OF VIRUS DISEASE
PEOPLE
Military
Swimming Training
Pool Clubs Camps
…Don’t worry, adenoviruses are
not transmitted through contact
with pigs!
Secondary Infection
Cornea
Respiratory Tract Infection
Common cold symptoms
Sore Throat
Severe cough
Swollen lymph nodes
Headache
Non-productive “croupy” cough
Intestinal Tract Infection
Abrupt onset of water diarrhea
Fever
Abdominal Tenderness
Vomiting
No seasonal incidence
Modes of Control
VACCINATION
• Nurses
• RMT
• Physicians
Herpetic
Whitlow
APPROACH TEST/COMMENT
_____________________________
Varicella-Zoster virus
Clinical spectrum
• Almost always apparent
• 10-21 day incubation
• Malaise, fever, rash for about 5 days
• Complications are rare
• Primary infection as an adult is usually more
serious
• Immunocompromised patients
Zoster
• Usually occurs in aged or immunodeficient persons
• Often starts as lesions on the lower back
• Painful
• Usually resolves without complications
Varicella-Zoster virus
Varicella (“chickenpox”)
Zoster (“shingles”)
_____________________________________
Differential WBC count shows lymphocytosis
with atypical cells: _________________
__________________-
lymphoma of the jaw and face ;
endemic in children in Africa
_________________________-
common in Southern China and
Southeast Asia
Transmission
Salivary exchange
Kissing Disease
Close oral contact
Sharing of items such as
toothbrushes, cup, spoon and fork
Who are at Risk?
Children
Teenagers
Immunocompromised patients
Formerly known as ________________________
Transmitted through: direct contact with saliva,
blood transfusions, organ transplants
Asymptomatic or mild infection in healthy
individuals
May remain latent in white blood cels, endothelial
cells, and other organs
Most common congenital viral pathogen
May manifest as pneumonia 1 month
after transplant
_________________________
o Direct examination: large cells with large
intranuclear, basophils staining
inclusions
______________________
Modes of Transmission
Serology Immunofluorescence
detection of early antigens
Primary infection
Herpes Virus 6
HHV 7
Cryptic Infection of Helper T cells
Fatal encephalitis
o HHV 8
Karposi’s Sarcoma
Cancer found in AIDS patients
Also causes Primary Effusion Lymphoma
VIRUS DISEASE
Papillomavirus warts
Polyomavirus
BK Virus Renal Disease
JC Virus Progressive Multifocal
Leukoencephalopathy
(PML)
Unique Properties of Papovaviruses
_____________________________- characterized by
soft, flesh-colored polypoid or acuminate warts that
occur in the anogenital region
• Can be extensive and cause pain, itching and bleeding
Common Symptoms of Genital
Warts in Males & Females
The symptoms may include single or multiple
fleshy growths around the penis, scrotum,
groin, vulva, vagina, anus, and/or urethra
History
Visual exam
Pap smears
DNA testing
Papillomavirus
Treatment
Patient-applied
Podofilox (Condylox) 0.5% solution or gel
Apply 2x/day for 3 days, followed by 4 days of no therapy.
Repeat as needed, up to 4x
or
Imiquimod (Aldara) 5% cream
Apply 1x/day @ bedtime 3x/week for up to 16 weeks
Provider-administered
Cryotherapy (liquid nitrogen) *repeat every 1-2 weeks
or
Podophyllin resin 10-25% *thoroughly wash off in 1-4 hrs
or
Trichloroacetic or
Bichloroacetic acid 80-90%
*can be repeated weekly
Therapy choice needs to be guided by
preference of patient, experience of provider,
and patient resources (time and/or money)
No evidence exists to indicate that any one
regimen is superior
An acceptable alternative may be to do
nothing but watch and wait; possible
regression/uncertain transmission
Case Study
Abstinence
Monogamy
Condoms
Removal of warts
Vaccine (Females aged 9-26)
Cell Cuture
Virus isolation-BK: ______________________________
Virus isolation-JC:_______________________________
ss DNA (+ or -)
Icosahedron
Nonenveloped
Smallest DNA
virus
Mode of
Transmission:
Respiratory
Droplet
Only ____________________ is known to cause
human infection
Causative agent of:
____________________________
Characterized by:
_________________________________
o Virus has affinity for RBC trigger cells
o May develop
___________________________________
Largest of all
viruses
Oval to brick-
shaped and
complex
morphology
• “dumbbell” core
(contains nucleic
acid)
• Lateral bodies
(unknown function)
POXVIRUSES