Module 2:

Water Demand & Supply

Muhammad Farhan Arooj

 Global Water Distribution

Global water
1360 x 106 km3

Saltish water Fresh water

97.2% 2.8%

Surface water Ground water

2.2% 0.6%

Streams, lakes, Economically

Glaciers, Icecaps
Reservoirs Extractable
2.15%
0.05% 0.3%
 Importance of Water:

 80% of all diseases are directly or indirectly related to the use of

contaminated water.
 40% of all deaths are directly or indirectly related to the use of
contaminated water.
(Figures for developing countries only)

Water Use Pattern: (Asia)

Water use %age Consumption

Agriculture 83%
Industrial 10%
Domestic 7%

Domestic Water Use Break up:

Water use %age

Toilets 35
Bathing & washing 39
Lawns 18
Dishes 6
Drinking 2
Global water Problems

• 2 Billion people facing acute water shortage.

• 1/3rd of wells have gone dry in Beijing.
• 3rd world war may be fought on the possession of water.
• Need to conserve water.

History of Water Supply:

• Ancient Cities
• Aqueducts
• Bamboo & Clay pipes
• Cast Iron pipes
• Small Micro-organism’s identification
• Use of Disinfection
• New Developments
Components of Water Works: (4 Components)

1. Source / Collection Work:

Used to extract water for further supply can be based upon ground
water or surface water. Choice depends upon availability and
economics.
Source should meet quantitative and qualitative requirements.
G.W: source is usually a T/well. Shallow wells and hand pumps can
also be used.
Surface water: usually an intake structure with storage well & pumps
are used.

2. Treatment / Purification Works:

If water quality of source is not satisfactory then necessary treatment
is to be given before supply to consumers. Degree of treatment
depend upon
• Characteristics of raw water
• Intended use after treatment.

3. Transmission Works/ Rising Main:

Convey collected and treated water to the point of distribution.
4. Distribution Works:
Water to consumers is supplied/ distributed through distribution
works. They include a network of pipes, valves, over-head reservoirs
(OHRs) etc.

Treatment plant

Source Transmission Distribution

line network

Components of water supply system in Lahore are source & distribution

works due to availability of ground water that required no treatment
and transmission works.

Water Consumption:
It is the average amount of water consumed. It is usually expressed
as litres of water consumed by a person in one day (lpcd).
lpcd = litres per capita in one day
 Different Water Uses:
Water supplied to a city can be classified according to its ultimate use.
These may be
1. Domestic Use:
This includes water furnished to houses, hotels etc for sanitary,
drinking, washing, bathing and other purposes.
It varies accordingly to the living standards of the people. It varies in
range of 75-380 lpcd. Average figures are 190-340 lpcd. It is 40-50% of
total water consumption.
2. Commercial and Industrial use:
It is the water furnished to industrial and commercial areas.
Commercial areas include markets, office buildings, workshops, garages,
private hospitals etc.
The quantity of water required for this use is usually related to the
floor area of buildings served. It is usually taken as 12.2 m3 per 1000 m2
of floor area per day.
It is 10-20% of total water consumption.
3. Public Use:
Public buildings such as city clubs, jails, schools etc, + street flushing,
fire fighting etc require water such use is known as Public Use.
It is 10-20% of total water consumption. Range 50-75 lpcd.
4. Losses and Wastage:
(Unaccounted for water) It includes
 leaks in mains
 un-authorized water connections

It can be reduced by
 careful maintenance of water supply systems
 Metering of all water services.
In a system 100% metered and moderately maintained the
unaccounted for water will be 10%.
Lahore 30-40% (unaccounted for water)
Islamabad 30% (unaccounted for water)
Total consumption = some of foregoing uses + loses
A typical break up of 400 lpcd water consumption is given as
under: 400 lpcd division

Domestic 200 lit 50%

Indus + comm. 60 lit 15%
public 50 lit 12.5%
losses 90 lit 22.5%
Factors affecting Water Consumption:

Climate: where summers are hot and long, much water is used for
watering lawns, bathing, washing cloths etc. use at public places
(parks etc) also increases.
Standard of Living: water consumption will be more in high value
residential areas and less in slums.
Extent of Sewerage: absence of sewerage facilities will reduce the per
capita water consumption to as low as 40 lpcd.
Commercial / Industrial Activity: well-developed industrial /
commercial areas within a community tend to increase the water
consumption, like in big urban centres etc.
Metering: metering tend to reduce water consumption because people
avoid wasteful use of water. Metering may reduce water consumption
as much as 50%.e.g. comparison b/w two similar cities in USA was
made. One was 90% metered and had a water consumption of 366
lpcd. Where as other city was 20% metered and its water consumption
was 800 lpcd.
Cost of Water: more cost less water consumption.
Quality of Water: if quality is good; consumption is more.
Distribution System Pressure: higher the pressure more will be
the water consumption.

Size of City: bigger cities have more demand for public use (i.e.
fire; gardens etc)

Efficiency of the System: less leakes less water consumption.

Type of Supply: if continuous supply more water is used than

intermittent supply.

Level of Service: water consumption depend upon level of

service like stand Posts, Courtyard Connection or Full Plumbing
System.
Variations in Water Consumption:
Water consumption discussed earlier is based upon Annual
Average. The annual average daily consumption while useful, does
not tell the entire story. Climatic conditions, working day etc tend
to cause wide variations in water consumption. So we have
Monthly variations:
June, July high consumption

Dec, Jan low consumption

Daily variations:
Monday highest consumption
Sunday lowest, because factories, schools,
commercial areas are Closed.
Hourly variation:

Water consumption keeps on changing throughout the day. There is

usually a peak in the morning when day’s activities start and
afterwards it reduces.
Some Definitions:

1) Average Daily Consumption:

It is the average amount of water used by a person/ community in one
day during an year. Mathematically
Average daily consumption = total water used in one year
365 x population

2) Maximum daily consumption:

It is the max water consumption during any one-day in the year. It is
about 150 to 180% of the average daily consumption.
Max daily = 1.5 x Av. Daily

3) Peak hourly consumption:

It is the max consumption during any one-hour of the year. It is around
150% of the max daily consumption.
Peak hourly = 1.5 x max daily
= 1.5 x 1.5 x av. Daily
= 2.25 av. Daily
Ratios used in Lahore by WASA:
Av. daily : Max daily = 1 : 1.5
Av. daily : Peak hourly = 1 : 2.25

AWWA = American Water Works Association

WASA = Water and Sanitation Agency
Always Remember: smaller the city, bigger will be the peak.

Fire Demand:

Although, actual amount of water used in fire fighting in entire

year is small, the rate of use is large.
Usually Insurance Services Office (ISO) formula is used to find
the fire flow.
F = 223.17 C √A
Where
F = fire flow, litre / min
A = floor area, m2 (except basement)
C = coefficient depending upon type of structure.
 Wooden frame structure = 1.5
 Ordinary construction = 1.0
 Non-combustible construction = 0.8
 Fire-resistant structure = 0.6

Two systems can be used for fire fighting

1.Direct system: consist of fire hydrants with connection.

2. Indirect system: motor vehicles are used to fight fire, which are
filled from special pumping stations.

F.H

Note-1
Near important buildings, direct system is preferable.
Note-2
W.S. systems designed on peak hourly demand need no separate
provision of water for fire fighting.
Note-3
Fire hydrants should not be placed on pipes < 150 mm dia (6” Φ)
Spacing > 150 m
One fire hydrant can serve upto 3700 m2 area.

PROBLEM:
Determine fire flow for T.V. station building of ordinary construction
with a total floor area of 1000 m2 with a height of 6 stories.

Population Forecasting:

Future population of a city / village is required for the design of

water supply / sewerage facility for it.
Various methods are available to forecast population. They may be
GRAPHICAL and MATHEMATICAL. Various methods adopted give wide
variations in results. It is actually the responsibility of Design
Engineer to adopt most suitable method for a particular area.

Five methods will be discussed here.

1. Arithmetic Method:
This method is based upon the hypothesis that
“Rate of growth is constant.”
i.e. a constant number of people are added to city population in a certain period
of time. Mathematically
Suitability: where population growth has stabilized and is under control. Also
suitable for a city that is not fast growing.

2. Geometric Method:
This method is based upon the hypothesis that
“Rate of increase is proportional to population”
Mathematically
Suitability: future population of a city with large resources of land, power, water
and good transportation might be best predicted by geometric growth method.
Geometric method can also be applied if per annum population growth rate and
present population of a city is known.

3. Logistic Method:
This method assume that when a city grows to its saturation population, then the
increase in its population is either zero or very minimal and the population is more
or less stabilized.
Mathematically
Suitability: suitable for built-up area like walled city, say, you are designing for
extension or renovation of existing water supply system.

4. Curvilinear Method:

Extremely good and Reliable method.

Fitting of Various cities population on the curve.
Lahore, Bombay, Karachi, Madras, Jakarta etc

5. Ratio Method

City Population is assumed to have a constant ratio with the country population.

PROBLEM:
The present population i.e. 2016 of a university which is in a fast growing city is
4,000. If population growth rate is 2.24% per annum uniformly, find its population
in year 2020.
PROBLEM:
Estimate the population of a city in year 2030, the population data is
given as below:
Year 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Population 800,000 1,020,000 1,350,000 2,100,000 2,400,000

Use all three mathematical methods to find the future population and note
down the differences in the results of three methods.
Upsets in Population Estimates:

Extra-ordinary events such as

• Discovery of a nearby oil field
• Sudden development of an industry
Upset a calculation of future population growth and necessitate hasty extension of
existing water and sanitation facilities.

Importance of Population Estimate:

If future population estimates are on lower sides then engineering works will
become inadequate very quickly. You will require re-design and reconstruction
very soon. Over-estimation on other hand will result in over-design and high costs.