GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES

CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD

GROUND WATER INFORMATION BOOKLET

TUMKUR DISTRICT, KARNATAKA

SOUTH WESTERN REGION BANGALORE JULY 2008

FOREWORD Ground water contributes to about eighty percent of the drinking water requirements in the rural areas, fifty percent of the urban water requirements and more than fifty percent of the irrigation requirements of the nation. Central Ground Water Board has decided to bring out district level ground water information booklets highlighting the ground water scenario, its resource potential, quality aspects, recharge discharge relationship, etc., for all the districts of the country. As part of this, Central Ground Water Board, South Western Region, Bangalore, is preparing such booklets for all the 27 districts of Karnataka state, of which six of the districts fall under farmers distress category. The Tumkur district Ground Water Information Booklet has been prepared based on the information available and data collected from various state and central government organisations by several hydro-scientists of Central Ground Water Board with utmost care and dedication. This booklet has been prepared by Shri Afaque Manzer, Assistant Hydrogeologist, under the guidance of Dr. K.Md. Najeeb, Superintending Hydrogeologist, Central Ground Water Board, South Western Region, Bangalore. The figures were prepared by S/Sri. H.P.Jayaprakash, Scientist-C and K.Rajarajan, Assistant Hydrogeologist. The efforts of Report processing section in finalising and bringing out the report in this format are commendable. I take this opportunity to congratulate them for the diligent and careful compilation and observation in the form of this booklet, which will certainly serve as a guiding document for further work and help the planners, administrators, hydrogeologists and engineers to plan the water resources management in a better way in the district.

sd/(T.M.HUNSE) Regional Director

TUMKUR DISTRICT AT A GLANCE

I GENERAL INFORMATIOM Statistics

i) Geographical Area ii) Administrative Divisions (March 07) No. of Taluks: No of Panchayats/villages iii) Population (as on 2001 census) iv) Average annual Rainfall GEOMORPHOLOGY Major physiographic units Major Drainages LAND USE a) Forest Area (Hectares) b) Net Area Sown (Hectares) c) Cultivable Area (Hectares) MAJOR SOIL TYPES

10648Sq. Km 10 321/2708 25.85 lakhs 540.7mm 2 3 45177 582687 805531 1. Red Loamy 2. Red Sandy 3. Mixed Red and Black soil Crops Hectares Cereals 217251 Pulses 58688 Oil seed 160209 Fruits 15920 Vegetable 1865 Sugarcane 509
Other non food crops 165798

AREA UNDER PRINCIPAL CROPS (as on 2004-05)

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IRRIGATION BY DIFFERENT SOURCES Tanks Canals Wells Other Sources Net Area Irrigated Gross Irrigated Area NUMBER OF GROUND WATER MONITORING WELLS OF CGWB Dug wells Piezometers PREDOMINANT GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS

Hectares 10273 2470 119926 Nil 132669 132669

113 27 Archaean Complex (Granite, Gneisses and Schists)

11

HYDROGEOLOGY Major water bearing formations

12

13

14

15

16 17 18

Premonsoon Depth to water level (2006) Postmonsoon Depth to water level (2006) Long term water level trend (1997-2006) in m per year GROUND WATER EXPLORATION BY CGWB AS ON MARCH 2007 EW OW GROUND WATER QUALITY Presence of chemical constituents more than permissible limits Type of water DYNAMIC GROUND WATER RESOURCES (2004) IN MCM Annual replenishable ground water resource Net annual ground draft Projected demand for Domestic and Industrial use up to 2025 Stage of ground water Development (%) MASS AWARENWSS PROGRAMME ORGANISED Date Place No of participants WATER MANAGEMENT TRAINING PROGRAMMES ORGANISED EFFORTS OF ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE AND RAINWATER HEAVESTING GROUND WATER CONTROL AND REGULATION MAJOR GROUND WATER PROBLEMS AND ISSUES QUALITY PROBLEM DRYING OF WELLS

Weathered and fractured Granite Gneisses and schists, Pegmatite 1.75-18.70 mbgl 1.12-15 mbgl Falling trend 0.061 Depth Range /Discharge range
96.68-204.19 69.46-151.71 0.31-11.0 lps 0.8 - 8.72 lps

Fluoride, Nitrate and & Chloride Potable in general

92262.71 102247.26 8363.4 110 %

27.03.99 Sira 500 NIL NO NOT NOTIFIED

High concentration of fluoride 2866 wells dried up

1.0 Introduction
Tumkur district was formed in 1966 under Nandidurga division, located between north latitudes 12045 to 14020 and east longitudes 76020 to 77031 falling in the Survey of India degree sheet Nos 57 B, 57 C, 57 D, 57 F, 57 G and 57 H. The district is having geographical area of 10648 sq. kms.

The total population in the district is around 25,84711(as per 2001 census), out of which rural population constitutes 20.78 lakhs. The schedule cast population constitutes 4.74 lakhs, out of which 4.12 lives in rural areas and remaining 0.62 lakh schedule caste population lives in urban areas of the district. The schedule tribe population constitutes 1.94 lakhs of which 1.70 lakhs live in rural areas and remaining 0.24 lakhs of schedule tribe people live in urban areas. The sex ratio in the district is 967 females for every 1000 males. But in Kunigal taluk sex ratio is 1024 females for 1000 males. Population density is 244 per sq km. 1.1 Administrative Setup and Accessibility The district headquarters is located at Tumkur town, just 60 Kms from Bangalore on Pune Bangalore National highway No 4. The main Bangalore Miraj railway line passes through Tumkur, Gubbi and Tiptur towns. Index map showing location of taluks and roads etc is given in fig 1. 1.2 Basin & Drainage Pennar, Lower Cauvery and Lower Tungabhadra drain the district. Pennar Basin is comprised of three watersheds viz 4C3H2, H3 and H4 and is drained by Jayamangala and Kumudvathi rivers which are tributaries of North Pinakini river. River Shimsha drains the area falling in Lower Cavery Basin in the district and is comprised of five watersheds viz 4B3C1, C2, C3, C4 and 4B3D5. Lower Tungabhadra Basin is drained by Vedavathi and Suvarnamukhi rivers in the district. Lower Tungabhadra basin is comprised of four watersheds viz 4D3D6, D7, D8 and 4D3E1.

There are no perennial rivers in the district. The rivers and streams originate from small watersheds and empty into number of tanks scattered in the district. The drainage pattern in the area can be described as semidendratic to dendratic. Drainage map is given in fig 2. 1.3 Irrigation Practices There are no completed major irrigation projects in the district, but part of the command area of the Hemavathy project (The reservoir built across Hemavathy river is located near Gorur village in Hassan District) falls in Tumkur district. Other than this major project, there are two medium projects namely Marconahalli reservoir (Kunigal taluk) and Sri Gayatri reservoir (Hiriyur taluk, Chitradurga District) irrigating parts of C.N.Halli taluk irrigating 4610 and 1210 ha. of land respectively. There are 1462 minor irrigation tanks in the district irrigating 57132 ha. of land and having a cumulative capacity of 778.52 MCM. The Hemavathy project which on completion is expected to irrigate 2,37, 00 acres of land in Tumkur district Out of 582687 hectares of net area sown, 132669 ha were under irrigation during 2004-05. An area of 2470 hectares was irrigated by canal in the district. There are 1462 MI tanks, 13585 dug wells and 77064 bore wells in the district. Area Irrigated by them is 10273, 2680 and 117246 hectares respectively. As on 2001-02 census, 1179 dug wells, 1687 bore wells have dried in the district. 1.4 Studies Carried out by CGWB Estimation of Ground water Resources in Vedavathi River Basin was carried out by CGWB during 1975-79 under Vedavathi River Basin Project. Shri D.N.Ramarao, Hydrogeologist, carried out systematic hydrogeological surveys in parts of Gubbi, Kunigal and Tumkur taluks during the FSP 1981-82.

Shri

K.R.Sooryanarayana,

Scientist,

carried

out

systematic

Hydrogeological surveys in parts of Koratgere and Madhugiri taluks of Tumkur district during the FSP 1992-93.

Sri Afaque Manzar, Asst. Hydrogeologist carried out micro level hydrogeological surveys in Tiptur, Gubbi and Turuvekere taluks during the FSP 1993-94.

Sri

A.Suresha,

Asst.

Hydrogeologist

carried

out

reappraisal

hydrogeological surveys in Turuvekere taluk during the FSP 1994-95.

Shri Afaque Manzar, Asst. Hydrogeologist carried out reappraisal hydrogeological surveys in C.N. Halli, Sira and Koratagere taluks during the FSP 1997-98.

Shri Kumaresan K. Asst. Hydrogeologist CGWB, SWR, Bangalore has covered the parts of Madugiri and Pavagada under ground water management studies during the FSP 2002-03. Shri Balachandra L.J., Scientist, has covered Tiptur, Gubbi, and Tumkur taluks by Reappraisal Hydrogeological surveys during the FSP 2003-2004. S/Sri S.J.Prasad and V.S. Prakash Scientists from CGWB, SWR, Bangalore have prepared the ground water resources and development potential report of Tumkur district, Karnataka during the year 1993-94.

2.0 Rainfall and Climate

Tumkur district falls in the eastern dry agro climatic zone. The temperatures start rising from January to peak in May, around 40o C is common. Thereafter it declines during the monsoon period. The humidity is lowest during the dry season and highest during the monsoon period. The winds are

predominantly south westerly during the summer monsoon and northeasterly during the winter monsoon. over 250 mm during May. The year may broadly be classified into four seasons. The dry season is from January to February. It is followed by hot weather from March to May. Over 18 percent of annual rainfall occurs during the pre monsoon season. The monsoon season is from June to September. This season yields around 52 percent of the annual rainfall. The post monsoon period from October to December may be contributes around 30 percent of annual rainfall. On an average, annually over 650mm rainfall occurs in nearly 45 rainy days. The probability of occurrence of annual rainfall between 500-800mm is 75%. The rainfall decreases from over 750mm in south and southwest to less than 600mm in the northeast and north and more or less in the direction of movement of the monsoon. The coefficient of variability of pre monsoon season rainfall is high indicating erratic rainfall. The same is the case during the post monsoon season. The variability is 30 to 40 % during the monsoon season, which is normal. The same is the case on an annual basis, it being around 30%. September is the wettest month with monthly rainfall in excess of 170mm. Annual rainfall in the district varies from over 900mm in Tumkur to around 600mm in Pavagada. Rainfall distribution during the last five years is varied. During the year 2001, the monsoon season had been normal to excess. The pre monsoon and post monsoon seasons had been normal and deficient respectively. Over all the year had normal rainfall in the district. During the year 2002, rainfall had been deficient during all the rainy seasons. The year 2003 had normal rainfall during the post monsoon season but the rainfall had been deficient during the monsoon season as well as the premonsoon season. The result was deficit annual rainfall. The year 2004 had excess premonsoon rainfall, normal to excess monsoon The annual potential evapotranspiration is over 1800mm with monthly rates less than 100mm during December and January and

rainfall and deficit to scanty post monsoon rainfall. During the year 2005 the premonsoon season experienced deficit rainfall whereas both monsoon and post monsoon and annual rain.

3.0 Geomorphology and Soil Type

The district is generally, an open tract except in the south of Kunigal taluk, where the area is covered with intensive thick forests with hills. The other parts consist of mainly undulating plains interspersed with clumps of tall and well grown trees. To the east of Tumkur and north of Devarayana Durga, the region presents beautiful scenery of hill ranges intersected by cultivated valleys. Long ranges of hills running roughly south-south east direction occupy the western part of the district. A narrow range of granitic hills grouped under closepet granites occupies the eastern part. These hills pass through the taluks of Pavagada, Madhugiri, Koratagere and northern parts of Tumkur. In the eastern part, the hills comprising of schistose rocks passes through Chikkanayakanahalli, Sira, and Gubbi taluks. The prominent hills in the eastern range of hills are Kamandadurga (1077 m), Nidugal (1148m), Madhugiridurga (1199 m), Channarayadurga (1138 m) Koratagiri (879m), Devarayanadurga (1187m), Nijogal (1086m), Hutridurga (1130) and Huliyardurga (844m) above hilly areas range between 840 to 1500 m above msl. mean sea level. The landmass in the plains ranges between 450 to 840 m above msl. While

Major types of soils occurring in the district are 1) Red loamy soil, 2) Red sandy soil and 3) Mixed red and black soils. Red loamy soil occurs in eastern central part of the district covering Koratgere, Tumkur, and eastern parts of Madhugiri and Kunigal Taluks. Red Sandy soil covers rest of the area except very small area in the northwestern part of C.N. Halli Taluk where Mixed Red and Black soil occur. Red soils have good drainage but poor in lime and bases.

4.0 Ground water Scenario

4.1 Hydrogeology The district is underlain by meta sediments (limestone) and meta volcanic (quartzite and schists) of Dharwar Group, Peninsular gneisses and Clospet granites of Pre Cambrian age, which are intruded by pegmatite and dolerite dykes. Laterite occurs on the top of the hills south of Bukkapatna as small patch. Joints are observed in general in N. E S.W to N.N.E S.S.W and NW SE to NNW SSE directions. The alluvial patches are generally seen along the major streams as narrow discontinuous patches particularly in granite country. It comprises medium to coarse grained sand with silt and clay at many places and is largely controlled by topography of the basement crystalline in the area. The maximum thickness of the alluvium in the Suvarnamukhi basin is 14 m. The alluvium in Jayamangali and Kumudavathy rivers is sandy in nature and attains a thickness of only 10 to 13 m

Occurrence and movement of Ground water: Ground water occurs in weathered and jointed zones of gneisses, granites and schists and alluvium in unconfined or water table conditions where as it occurs in semi confined to confined conditions in fractured formations. Unconfined aquifer system is developed by dug wells, shallow bore wells and filter points. This zone extends down to 13-20 mbgl depth. The yield range of irrigation dug wells in alluvium is 300-600 m3/day where as the same in weathered formation is 11 to 250 m3/day. The yield of filter points is in the range of 220-350 m3/day. As the filter points are located in alluvium of limited thickness, many of them become dry during summer. Due to over exploitation in many pockets, this zone is getting dried up gradually.

Semi confined to confined aquifer is formed due to fractures in hard formations. This aquifer system is developed by bore wells ranging in depth up to

10

200m. Its yield ranges up to 1200m3/day, and specific yield ranges from 2 to 173 lpm/m.

Ground water conditions Unconfined

Structure

Depth Range (mbgl)

Yield range (m3/day) 300-600 11-250

Aquifer material

Specific Yield (lpm/m)

DW DW Shallow bore wells

3-16 & < 30

Alluvium

Weatherd 1-158 and jointed formation

Filter points Semiconfined to Confined BW

>20 Up to 200

220-350 > 1200

Alluvium Fractured 2-173 hard rock

Premonsoon water level (2006) Premonsoon depth to water level in dug wells (NHS) varies from 1.75mbgl in Tumbadi (Koratgere taluk) to 18.70 mbgl in Haridasana Halli (Turuvekere taluk). A generalised water level map is shown in fig 3. In general major part of the district comes under 5 to10 and 10 to 20 mbgl depth to water level range. Small pockets in northern and southern part of the district are covered by 2 to 5mbgl depth range. A few wells have recorded water level of less than 2 meters, but these are point values and are cannot be generalised. Post monsoon Depth to water level (2006): Postmonsoon depth to water level in dug wells (NHS) varies from 1.12mbgl in Tiptur to 15.00 mbgl (C.S.Pura, Gubbi Taluk). A generalised water level map is shown in fig 4. In general, major part of the district comes under 5 to10 mbgl depth to water level range. Parts of Gubbi, Tumkur, Kunigal, Madhugiri and Pavagada taluks have shown >10 m water level. Small pockets of water level in the range of 2 to 5mbgl are observed in various parts of the district. A few wells

11

have recorded water level of less than 2 meters, but these are point values and are cannot be generalised. Seasonal Fluctuation (2006) 48% of observation wells have shown seasonal rise of water level in the range of 0.03 to 2.65m where as 36% have shown decline of water level in the range of 0.01 to 2.44m during 1996. 16% of wells have not shown any change of water level. Long term water level trend (1997-2006) Out of total of 113 observation wells 72 have become dry due to decline of water level. Of the existing 49 wells for which data are available, 76% have shown decadal falling trend in the range of 0.02 to 5.599m with average decline of 0.61m. Decadal rising trend is observed in 24% of wells in the range of 0.14 to 0.93 m with decadal average rise of 0.35m. Specific yield of unconfined aquifer The studies carried out in the phreatic aquifers through dugwells, reveal that the Specific capacities are in the range of 1.02 to 158 lpm /m.dd, the specific yield of aquifers varies from 1.5 to 3.0. The sustained yield of wells varies from 11 to 126 in Gubbi taluk, 17 to 143 in Kunigal, 90 to 250 in Koratagere taluk, 20 to 47 in Sira taluk, 28 to 64 in Tiptur taluk, 24 to 56 in Tumkur taluk and 46 to 73 m3/day in Turuvekere taluk.

Aquifer parameters of confined aquifers . The exploratory bore wells drilled are in the depth range of 69.46 to 204.19 m and the aquifers tested reveal that the gneissic and granitic complex have an effective porosity of about 1 to 3%. The yield cum recuperation tests conducted on the wells show that the general specific capacity ranges from 2.00 to 39 lpm/m/d-d and at places in the higher order of 155 to 173 lpm/m/d-d. The

12

transmissivity of aquifer material in general range from 18 to 52 m2/day, at places it is recorded as high as 176 to 248 m2/day. 4.2 Ground water Resource Net annual groundwater availability of the district is 92262.71 ham, draft for all uses is 102247.26 ham, available resource for future irrigation development is 15408.83 ham which can create an irrigation potential of 22632 hectares. 55% area of the district is overexploited, 8% critical, 11% semicritical and only 26% of the area is safe. Talukwise resources and catagorisation is given in table 1 and is shown in Fig 5.

TABLE 1: GROUND WATER RESOURCES OF TUMKUR DISTRICT, KARNATAKA STATE AS ON MARCH 2004
ALLOCATION FOR DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIAL USE FOR NEXT 25 YEARS EXISTING GROSS GROUND WATER DRAFT FOR DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIAL WATER SUPPLY EXISTING GROSS GROUND WATER DRAFT FOR IRRIGATION NET ANNUAL GROUND WATER AVAILABILITY EXISTING GROSS GROUND WATER DRAFT FOR ALL USES NET GROUND WATER AVAILABILITY FOR FUTURE IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT BALANCE GROUND WATER IRRIGATION POTENTIAL AVAILABLE AVERAGE CROP WATER REQUIREMENT

STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT AS ON MARCH 2004

SEMI-CRITICAL AREA (%) CRITICAL AREA (%) 14 63 8 SAFE AREA (%)

TALUK

HAM
C.N.HALLI GUBBI KORATAGERE KUNIGAL MADHUGIRI PAVAGADA SIRA TIPTUR TUMKUR TURUVEKERE TOTAL 10940.97 10732.49 8362.48 12326.67 7131.24 8736.09 11269.81 6696.86 9341.42 6724.68 92262.71

HAM
12122.92 8643.70 14733.38 7048.90 12848.26 7406.27 12247.80 6564.78 9074.95 5661.07 96352.03

HAM

HAM

HAM

HAM

(m)
0.85 0.88 0.89 0.47 0.82 0.82 0.83 0.84 0.86 0.82 0.81 348.31 3776.04 228.50 10203.25 0 1432.11 504.82 449.80 3830.62 1859.16 22632.60 9 49 5 84 15 11 58 32 26 9 19 82 32 95 16 86 5 33 89 42 68 55

419.46 12542.39 860.86 9504.56 561.17 15294.56 861.38 7910.28 464.43 13312.69 470.98 7877.25 594.89 12842.69 277.95 6842.73 912.89 9987.84 471.19 6132.26 5895.22 102247.26

589.04 295.75 1214.92 3339.29 807.28 202.80 1214.74 4800.82 664.06 0 669.07 1172.82 868.48 421.33 389.06 377.94 1285.29 3278.27 661.47 1519.82 8363.40 15408.83

17 67

11

4.3 Ground water Quality Water samples are collected from selected dug wells (National Hydrograph monitoring Stations) annually for chemical analysis. The analysis results indicate that in general the quality of ground water is potable for drinking and suitable for irrigation purposes. However high concentration of fluoride (>1.5 mg/lit) is observed in northern part of Pavagada and Madhugiri taluks and as

13

OE AREA (%)

small patches in Sira taluk. High concentration of nitrates (>45 mg/lit) is observed in major parts of Pavagada, Sira, Madhugiri, Koratagere and central part of Chiknayakanahalli and western parts of Gubbi taluks. This may be attributed to more use of fertilizers. High chloride concentrations are observed in central part of Pavagada and Madhugiri taluks and in northwestern parts of Chiknayakanahalli taluk. Electrical conductivity is in permissible range in general. Ground water quality map of the district is shown in fig 6.

4.4 Status of ground water Development Wells are the major source of irrigation in the district. There are 13585 dug wells and 77603 bore wells in the district as per 3rd MI census. 1179 dug wells and 1687 bore wells have gone dry in the district due to lowering of water level. Talukwise breakup of the wells is given in table 2. Table 2: Distribution of wells according to status as per MI Census 2000-01
Sl No Taluk Wells in Use Dug Wells 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total C.N Halli Gubbi Koratgere Kunigal Madhugiri Pavagada Sira Tiptur Tumkur Turuvekere 398 880 1789 899 3069 2008 2831 276 1046 389 13585 Shallow BW 7139 13908 4410 6717 6529 4541 7003 7263 11151 8402 77603 Wells dried up Dug Wells 32 198 77 179 68 167 90 65 227 76 1179 BW 43 532 63 146 80 175 122 129 285 112 1687

Water Lifting devices Water lifting devices used in the district are Electric motor, Diesel Pump, Wind Mill and manual. 98% of the water lifting devices is electric pump. Distribution of water lifting devices is given in table 3.

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Table 3: Distribution of wells according to water lifting device as per MI Census 2000-01 Lifting device Electric Pump Diesel Wind Mill Solar Manual Others Total Dug Well 13217 334 92 1 199 921 14764 Bore Well 78373 18 60 0 28 271 78750 Total 91590 352 152 1 227 1192 93514

Distribution of wells according to Horse Power Capacity of pumps used in the area to draw ground water ranges from less than 2HP to >10HP. 50% of the wells are fitted with 6-8 HP motor. The distribution is given in table 4.

Table 4: Distribution of wells according to Horse Power Horse Power 0-2 Dug Well Bore Well Total % 2--4 4--6 6--8 8--10 >10 Not Specified 1213 359 1572 3

286 4350 7969

819 107 20

817 5105 4139 27496 3427 167 1103 9455 12108 28315 3534 187 2 17 22 50 6 0

Drinking water Wells Major source water supply in the district is bore wells. There are 15870 water supply bore wells in the district with 805 piped water supply and 2941 miniwater supply schemes as on 31.03.06.

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5.0 Ground water Management Strategy

5.1 Ground water Development A hydrogeological map showing water bearing formations, yield potential, decadal mean water level, isohyet is shown in fig 7. Sustainability of ground water resource and its judicious use should be given prime importance while making development strategy. In critical and over exploited areas artificial recharge and rainwater harvesting measures are recommended to augment to ground water system. About 15408.83 ham of ground water resource is available in the district for further development. The development is recommended only in areas categorised as safe and semi critical (Fig 5). In such areas potential aquifers can be located by hydrogeological surveys aided by geophysical methods. Dug wells and filter points are recommended only in river and valley banks where sufficient thickness of valley fill is available which gets saturated during rainy seasons. Construction of collector wells would be the ideal structures in the alluvial tracts adjoining the river and nallah courses. Development in other feasible areas should be done by bore wells. Spacing norm of 200 m may be strictly adhered to avoid interference. Aquifer should be pumped as per crop water requirement. 5.2 Water Conservation & Artificial Recharge About 55% of the area of the taluk is overexploited. More than 50% of the areas of five taluks in the district are over exploited and two taluks have more than 60% area in critical and semi critical category. Water level is showing downward trend. In such a situation there is need to augment ground water recharge by artificial recharge structures and rainwater harvesting structures to harvest noncommittal surface runoff. Talukwise non-commited surface run off, feasible artificial recharge structures, their cost estimate and expected benefits are given in table 5. Areas suitable for such structures are shown in fig 5. However it is recommended that over exploited and critical areas may be taken up on priority basis. 37.74 MCM of subsurface run off is available in the district.

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This can be harnessed by construction of 15 subsurface dyke, 87 percolation tanks, 290 check dams and 173 filter beds at an estimated cost of Rs 2770 lakhs. This will create an additional irrigation of 3139 hectares.

Table 5: Feasibility of artificial recharge structures and their cost estimates in Tumkur district
Availability of Surface non committed monsoon runoff (MCM) Number of Proposed Recharge Structure Expected benefit of artificial recharge & RWH Additional Irrigation Potential (Hectares) 84.27 8.09 28.36 Total Cost in Lakhs Vol. of water likely to be recharged (MCM)

Cost of recharge Structures (Rs. In Lakhs)

Recharge Capacity of each structure (MCM) Total Recharge capacity (MCM) 0.93 0.09

Sub surface dyke (@Rs 4.5 lakhs)

Percolation tank (@Rs 20 lakhs)

Check dam(@Rs 2.4 lakhs) ***

Sub surface dyke

Sub surface dyke

Percolation tank

Percolation tank

Taluk

Filter Beds (@Rs 1.5 lakhs)

Check dam

Check dam

Filter Beds

C.N.HALLI GUBBI KORATAGERE KUNIGAL MADHUGIRI PAVAGADA SIRA TIPTUR TUMKUR TURUVEKERE

5 27 4 21 0 0 1 0 2 0 7 0

91 69 8 0 24 1 49 6 39 3

55 41 5 0 14 0 29 4 23 2

24.7 18.6 2.1 0.1 6.4 0.2 13.2 1.7 10.5 0.7

549 413 47 1.3 142 4.5 294 38 234 16

220 165 18.7 0.51 56.6 1.79 117 15.1 93.6 6.28

82 62 7 0.2 21 0.7 44 5.7 35 2.4

10.98 8.26 0.93 0.03 2.83 0.09 5.87 0.76 4.68 0.31
34.74

1.65 5.49 2.74 1.10 10.98 875.33 8.23 991.80 1.24 4.13 2.07 0.83 8.26 658.80 6.20 746.46 0.14 0.47 0.23 0.09 0 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.42 1.42 0.71 0.28 0.01 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.88 2.94 1.47 0.59 0.11 0.38 0.19 0.08 0.7 2.34 1.17 0.47 0.05 0.16 0.08 0.03
5.2 17.38 8.69

Filter Beds

74.38 0.70

0.03 2.02 0.02 2.28 2.83 225.75 2.12 255.79 7.14 0.07 5.87 468.22 4.40 530.52 0.76 60.40 0.57 68.44 4.68 373.34 3.51 423.02 0.31 25.03 0.24
2770.41 26.06 3139.03

3 15 0 2 2 12 0
15

1
87

290 173

82.7 1758.8 694.58 261.5

3.48 34.74

6.0 Ground water related Issues & Problems

There is over exploitation of ground water resource in 55% area of the district. This has resulted in the decline of water level of the order of 0.61m per decade. 919 dug wells and 402 bore wells have gone dry in the district. Immediate artificial recharge measures are required to be taken to address the trend. Fluoride concentration of more than permissible limit exists in parts of Pavagada, Sira and Madhugiri taluks of the district. Ground water in younger granites has more fluoride content than the gneisses. The fluoride content

17

increases with depth in same aquifer. The shallow aquifers are having comparatively low concentration of fluoride. In order to reduce or control the problem, it is recommended to recharge ground water by way of artificial recharge structures like percolation tank, desilting of silted tanks, check dams, nalla bunds, farm ponds and subsurface dykes. Ground water can be tapped from valley fills of Pennar and its tributaries for drinking purposes. There are 150 tanks in the Pavagada taluk of which 40 are major, 110 minor tanks. Desilting and maintaining of these tanks are utmost importance, so that the Natural recharge will take place without any hindrance and this will recharge the shallow aquifer mainly, which can be used for drinking use, which is free from fluoride in major part of the area. 7.0 Awareness Training 7.1 Mass awareness & water Management Training Programmes Central Ground Water Board, SWR, Bangalore has organized Mass awareness programme on use and conservation of Ground Water on 27.03.99 at Sira, Tumkur district as apart of national level programme. The programme was well attended by administrators, local farmers. Display of slogans in local language (Kannada) highlighting to the attributes to ground water were arranged apart from technical maps/ (Reports) charts etc., pertaining to the area. Dr. Y.J.Pardhasaradhi, Regional Director presented a brief note on awareness programme and its aims and objectives, Shri. D.S.S.Murthy, Director, spoke on the availability of ground water in the state as well as in the country and the need to have awareness towards utilization of ground water. He also mentioned about the formation of Central Ground Water Authority and its functioning. Shri. K.R.Sooryanarayana, Scientist CGWB spoke on use and conservation of ground water with a special reference to artificial recharge studies in the state. Representatives from local state Govt. departments expressed their views and experiences on the topic highlighting local problems and their solutions. Shri. Annayyappa, Asst. Development Commissioners of Sira, presided over the

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function, Shri. B.Nagaraj, Executive Officer taluk Panchayat was the chief guest apart from local elected representative. The function concluded highlighting the need for conservation of water to overcome the shortages. About 500 persons attended the programme.

7.2 Participation in Exhibition, Mela, fair etc

No exhibition was conducted in the district

8.0 Areas Notified by CGWA/SGWA

No area in the district is notified so far

9.0 Recommendations
The district mainly depends upon ground water for drinking and irrigation purposes. About 90% of the irrigation and drinking requirements are met from ground water. This has resulted in over exploitation in about 55% area in the district. In general water levels are showing declining trend. About 1179 dug wells and 1687 bore wells have dried up in the district. Also there is decrease of potable water in fluoride-affected areas due to drying of phreatic aquifer. Hence to overcome these problems, it is recommended to adopt scientific management of ground water resource. Further development should be allowed only areas, which are catagorised as safe and semi critical with caution. Mass awareness programmes should be conducted for public awareness about the limited availability of ground water resource. Farmers should be educated to grow less water intensive crops and adopt micro irrigation system. Government should provide subsidy such irrigation systems. Artificial recharge structures should be constructed in feasible areas for augmenting ground water resource and to improve ground water quality especially in areas of Bagepalli and Madhugir and Sira taluks where fluoride problem exists. Sites for bore wells and dug wells should selected with the technical advice from technical qualified persons.

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