Concrete Testing

Non-Destructive

Testing
Concrete

Destructive
Non Destructive Testing in
Concrete
 NDT-Importance
• Whether concrete is hardened properly and
gained its designed strength ?
• NDT is for both old and New Structures
• Exercise this without damaging the
Structure…….
 Deliverables of NDT
Elastic
Modulus Density strength

Cracks and Voids Reinforcement

Determination Location

Quality of
Workmanship
Surface Surface
Hardness Absorption
 Cost Effectiveness
• Destructive testing
– Huge Cost initially has to put in for taking sample
and then to test it.
• NDT
– Its very easy and simple process and a lot many
tests can be performed on concrete less than
single amount require for sampling of concrete
 Where to use NDT
• Quality control of Construction , in situ
• Confirming Workmanship
• Determining position of reinforcement
• Location of Cracks/Joints/Honeycombing
 BASIC METHODS
• VISUAL TESTING
• SCHMIDTS REBOUND HAMMER TEST
• ULTRASONIC PULSE VELOCITY TEST
• PERMEABILITY TEST
 IS codes
• IS 1311
– Non Destructive Testing

• IS 13311 (PART 1) : 1992

– Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity

• IS 13311 (PART 2) : 1992

– Rebound Hammer Test
Experience and well trained Eye
 Signs of Distress
• Cracks
• Pop-outs
• Dis-integration
• Color change
• Weathering
• Staining
• Surface blemishes
• Lack of Uniformity
 Tools/ Equipment's
• Measuring Tape
• Ruler
• Marker
• Thermometer
– In case access to site is not possible
• Binoculars
• Telescopes
• Bore scopes
• Endoscopes
 Methodology
Study Drawings

Preliminary Survey

Visual Inspection

Environmental Condition

RESULTS
 Radioactive Methods
• Use of X-rays and Gamma rays in NDT is new
concept
• X and gamma rays are the component of high
energy region on the electromagnetic spectrum,
it penetrates concrete but undergo attenuation
(Str reduction) in the process
• The degree of attenuation is measured
• The intensity of X/Gamma rays passing through
the specimen is measured
• By using these two values density of concrete is
calculated
• Gamma rays transmission mission has been
used to measure the thickness of concrete
slabs of known density
• Gamma radiation of Known intensity is made
to pass and penetrate through concrete and
the intensity at other face is measured and
from this the thickness of member is
calculated
 Nuclear Methods
• There are two basic methods which are used
to find out some properties of concrete
– Neutron scattering Methods ; moisture content
– Neutron Activation analysis ; cement content
 Magnetic Methods
• Battery operated magnetic devices that are
used to measure Depth of reinforcement
cover in concrete
• Detect the position of reinforcement bars
• Apparatus is known as COVERMETER
 Electrical Methods
• To find out moisture content of Hardened
Concrete
• Tracing of Moisture permeation through
concrete
• Determination of thickness of Concrete
pavements
REBOUND HAMMER TEST
 Rebound Hammer Test
• Surface hardness test
• Rebound of elastic mass depends on hardness
of surface
• Relation between rebound number and
strength of surface
Components of Hammer
• HAMMER :

Device Measuring Direction Applications Weight

Impact direction Used for the non-destructive measurement of

Original Schmidt
perpendicular to the the concrete/mortar compressive strength 900 g
Hammer
surface characteristics

Silver Schmidt independent of impact Suitable for testing a wide variety of concrete,
600 g
Hammer direction mortar and rock
 Limitation
a) Smoothness of surface under test
b) Size , shape and rigidity of the specimen
c) Age of specimen
d) Surface and internal moisture condition of
the concrete
e) Type of coarse aggregate
f) Type of cement
g) Carbonation of concrete surface
Procedure
 Rebound Hammer & strength of
Concrete
40
35 Horizontal
Compressive Strength - MPa

Hammer hammer
30
Vertically Down
25
20
15
10 Hammer
WET Vertically Up
5
DRY
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Rebound Number
 Pulse Velocity Test (Objectives)
• Homogeneity of the concrete
• Presence of cracks, voids and other
imperfections
• Changes in the structure of the concrete with
time
• Quality of concrete related to standard
requirement
• Quality of one element of concrete in relation
with another
 Apparatus
a) Electrical pulse generator
b) Transducer
c) Amplifier
d) Electronic timing device
 Techniques measuring for pulse
Velocity Test
• Direct transmission
• Indirect transmission
• Surface transmission
 Applications
• Establishing uniformity of concrete
• Establishing acceptance criteria
• Estimation of strength of concrete
• Studies on durability of concrete
• Measurement of deterioration of concrete
due to fire exposure
Destructive Testing in Concrete
Flexural strength test
Code Referred: IS: 516 – 2002
Flexure
The state of being flexed (i.e. being bent)

Flexural strength
It is also known as modulus of rupture, bend strength, or fracture
strength, a mechanical parameter for brittle material, is defined as a
material's ability to resist deformation under load.
The flexural strength represents the highest stress experienced
within the material at its moment of rupture.
When an object formed of a single material, like a wooden beam or
a steel rod, is bent, it experiences a range of stresses across its depth.
At the edge of the object on the inside of the bend (concave face)
the stress will be at its maximum compressive stress value.
At the outside of the bend (convex face) the stress will be at its
maximum tensile value.
 These inner and outer edges of the beam or rod are known as the 'extreme
fibers'.
Most materials fail under tensile stress before they fail under compressive
stress, so the maximum tensile stress value that can be sustained before the
beam or rod fails is its flexural strength.

Apparatus Required
– Flexural Strength testing machine / Universal Testing machine
– Balance
– Scale

Formula
The flexural strength of the specimen expressed as the modulus of rupture
kg/cm2
Where
b = measured width of the specimen (cm)
d = measured depth of the specimen at the point of failure (cm)
l = Length of the span on which the specimen was supported (cm)
P = Load applied (kg)
Apparatus
The testing machine may be of any reliable type of sufficient
capacity for the tests.
The permissible errors shall be not greater than ± 0.5 percent of
the applied load where a high degree of accuracy is required and not
greater than ± 1.5 percent of the applied load for commercial type of
use.
The bed of the testing machine shall be provided with two steel
rollers, 38 mm in diameter, on which the specimen is to be
supported, and these rollers shall be so mounted that the distance
from centre to centre is 60 cm for 15.0 cm specimens or 40 cm for
10.0 cm specimens. The load shall be applied through two similar
rollers mounted at the third points of the supporting span, that is,
spaced at 20 or 13.3 cm centre to centre.
The load shall be divided equally between the two loading
rollers, and all rollers shall be mounted in such a manner that the
load is applied axially and without subjecting the specimen to any
torsional stresses or restraints.
 LOADING TYPES
• The value of the modulus of rupture (extreme fibre stress in
bending) depends on,
- the dimension of the beam and
- the manner of loading.
• The systems of loading used in finding out the flexural tension are
- central point loading and
- third point loading.
• In the central point loading, maximum fibre stress will come
below the point of loading where the bending moment is
maximum.
• In case of symmetrical two point loading, the critical crack may
appear at any section, not strong enough to resist the stress
within the middle third, where the bending moment is maximum.
• It can be expected that the two point loading will yield a lower
value of the modulus of rupture than the centre point loading.
The following figure shows the modulus of rupture of beams of different
sizes subjected to centre point and third point loading.
Procedure
Test specimens stored in water at a temperature of 24° to 30°C for
48 hours before testing, shall be tested immediately on removal from the
water whilst they are still in a wet condition.
The dimensions of each specimen shall be noted before testing.
No preparation of the surfaces is required.
Placing the Specimen in the Testing Machine
The bearing surfaces of the supporting and loading rollers shall be
wiped clean, and any loose sand or other material removed from the
surfaces of the specimen where they are to make contact with the
rollers.
The specimen shall then be placed in the machine in such a manner
that the load shall be applied to the uppermost surface as cast in the
mould, along two lines spaced 20.0 or 13.3 cm apart.
The axis of the specimen shall be carefully aligned with the axis of
the loading device.
 No packing shall be used between the bearing surfaces of the
specimen and the rollers.
The load was then applied without shock and increasing
continuously at a rate such that the extreme fibre stress increases at
approximately 7 kg/sq cm/min, that is, at a rate of loading of 4KN per
minute for 15 cm specimen and 1.80KN per minute for 10 cm specimen.
The load was increased until the specimen failed and the
maximum load applied to the specimen during the test was recorded.
The appearance of the fractured faces of concrete and any
unusual features in the type of failure were also noted. The flexural
strength of the specimen expressed as the modulus of rupture was the
found from the formula,

If the fracture initiates in the tension surface within the middle

third of the span length.
• If the fracture occurs in the tension surface outside the middle
third of the span length, by not more than 5% of the span length
and discard the result if it is more than 5%.
 REPORT
The following information shall be included in the report on
each specimen:
a) identification mark,
b) date of test,
c) age of specimen,
d) curing conditions,
e) size of specimen,
f) span length,
g) maximum load,
h) position of fracture (value ‘a’),
j) modulus of rupture (kg per sq cm), and
k) appearance of concrete and type of fracture if these are
unusual.