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    Chi Square Test

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    Muhammad Shahid
    The Chi Square Test is used to determine if there is a relationship between two categorical variables by comparing observed and expected frequencies. This document provides an example of using the Chi Square Test to analyze the relationship between gender and hypertensive status. The steps include: 1) defining the null and alternative hypotheses and significance level, 2) constructing a frequency table of observed values, 3) looking up degrees of freedom and critical value, 4) calculating the Chi Square value, 5) comparing the calculated and critical values, and 6) making a decision to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis. In this example, the null hypothesis that there is no association between gender and hypertensive status is rejected.

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    Chi Square Test

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad Shahid
    172 views15 pages
    The Chi Square Test is used to determine if there is a relationship between two categorical variables by comparing observed and expected frequencies. This document provides an example of using the Chi Square Test to analyze the relationship between gender and hypertensive status. The steps include: 1) defining the null and alternative hypotheses and significance level, 2) constructing a frequency table of observed values, 3) looking up degrees of freedom and critical value, 4) calculating the Chi Square value, 5) comparing the calculated and critical values, and 6) making a decision to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis. In this example, the null hypothesis that there is no association between gender and hypertensive status is rejected.

    Original Description:

    Chisquare test lecture

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    The Chi Square Test is used to determine if there is a relationship between two categorical variables by comparing observed and expected frequencies. This document provides an example of using the Chi Square Test to analyze the relationship between gender and hypertensive status. The steps include: 1) defining the null and alternative hypotheses and significance level, 2) constructing a frequency table of observed values, 3) looking up degrees of freedom and critical value, 4) calculating the Chi Square value, 5) comparing the calculated and critical values, and 6) making a decision to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis. In this example, the null hypothesis that there is no association between gender and hypertensive status is rejected.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    172 views15 pages

    Chi Square Test

    Uploaded by

    Muhammad Shahid
    The Chi Square Test is used to determine if there is a relationship between two categorical variables by comparing observed and expected frequencies. This document provides an example of using the Chi Square Test to analyze the relationship between gender and hypertensive status. The steps include: 1) defining the null and alternative hypotheses and significance level, 2) constructing a frequency table of observed values, 3) looking up degrees of freedom and critical value, 4) calculating the Chi Square value, 5) comparing the calculated and critical values, and 6) making a decision to reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis. In this example, the null hypothesis that there is no association between gender and hypertensive status is rejected.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 15

    The Chi Square Test

    Muhammad Shahid
    Sr. lecturer IIN
    Introduction
     We often have occasions to make
    comparisons between two characteristics
    of something to see if they are linked or
    related to each other.

     One way to do this is to work out what we


    would expect to find if there was no
    relationship between them (the usual null
    hypothesis) and what we actually observe.
    Introduction
     The test we use to measure the
    differences between what is observed
    and what is expected according to an
    assumed hypothesis is called the chi-
    square test.
    For Example
     Some null hypotheses may be:
    – ‘there is no relationship between the height
    of the post RN and Generic BSN students ’.

    – ‘there is no connection between the size of


    farm and the type of farm’
    Important
     The chi square test can only be used on
    data that has the following
    characteristics:
    The frequency data must have a
    The data must be in the form precise numerical value and must be
    of frequencies organised into categories or groups.

    The expected frequency in any one cell


    of the table must be greater than 5.

    The total number of observations must be


    greater than 20.
    Formula

    χ 2 = ∑ (O – E)2
    E

    χ2 = The value of chi square


    O = The observed value
    E = The expected value
    ∑ (O – E)2 = all the values of (O – E) squared then added
    together
    Step 01
     Write down the NULL HYPOTHESIS
    and ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS
    and set the LEVEL OF
    SIGNIFICANCE.

     NH ‘ there is no association between gender and


    hypertensive status

     AH ‘there is association between gender and


    hypertensive status
     We will set the level of significance at 0.05.
    Construct a table with the information you have observed
    or obtained.
    Observed Frequencies (O)

    HTN Males Females


    Status
    N 50 50
    PH 20 40

    H 10 30
    Step 02 & 03 significance level
     Look up the significance tables. These will
    tell you whether to accept the null
    hypothesis or reject it.

     The number of degrees of freedom to use is: the


    number of rows in the table minus 1, multiplied by the
    number of columns minus 1. This is (2-1) x (3-1) = 1 x 2 =
    2 degrees of freedom.
    Critical value X2=5.991
     Step 04 calculation of calculated value

    Expected frequency = row total x column total


    Grand total

    Eg: expected frequency for Normal male E1 = (100 x 80) / 200 = 40

    HTN MALES FEMALES


    Status
    N E1=40 E2=60
    PH E3=24 E4=36
    H E5=16 E5=24
    HTN Males Females
    Status Row Total
    N 50 50 100
    PH 20 40 60
    H 10 30 40
    Column 80 120 200
    total
    O E O-E (O-E)2 (O-E)2
    E
    50 40 10 100 100/40 =2.5
    50 60 -10 100 100/60 =1.66
    20 24 -4 16 16/24 =0.66
    40 36 4 16 16/36 =0.44
    10 16 -6 36 36/16 =2.25
    30 24 6 36 36/24 =1.5
    (X2)=9.01

    Add up all of the above numbers to obtain


    the value for chi square: χ2 = 9.01
     Comparison of critical and calculated
    value

    We find that our answer of 9.01 is greater than the


    critical value of 5.991 (for 2 degrees of freedom and a
    significance level of 0.05) and so we reject the null
    hypothesis.
    Step Decision
     We reject the null hypotheses because
    the calculated value fall into rejection
    area
    Step 06 conclusion
     There is an association between gender
    and hypertensive status at alpha 0.05

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