Tks 324 Mechanical Design of Process Equipment-01
Tks 324 Mechanical Design of Process Equipment-01
Tks 324 Mechanical Design of Process Equipment-01
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TKS 3245 SYLLABUS CONTENT
• Introduction
• Pressure Vessel Codes and Standards
• Fundamental Principles and Equations
• General Design Considerations: Pressure Vessels
• The Design of Thin-walled Vessels Under Internal Pressure
• Compensation for Openings and Branches
• Design of Vessels Subject to External Pressure
• Design of Vessels Subject to Combined Loading
• Vessel Supports
• Bolted Flanged Joints
• Heat-Exchanger Tube Plates
• Welded-Joint Design
• Fatigue Assessment Of Vessels
• Pressure Tests
• High-Pressure Vessels
• Liquid Storage Tanks
INTRODUCTION
The basic requirements for process plant design:
Pressure vessels:
generally any Closed Vessels with diameter >
150 mm subject to pressure difference of 0.5 bar.
Open Vessels:
It’s cheaper than covered or closed vessels of the
same volume and construction. It’s use as storage
tanks (eg. ponds), vats in batch operations where
materials maybe mixed and blended, settling
tanks, decanters, etc.
EQUIPMENT CLASSIFICATION
Common erection:
a. For less than 1000 gal, use vertical tanks mounted
on legs.
b. Between 1000 and 10,000 gal, use horizontal tanks
mounted on concrete foundation.
c. Beyond 10,000 gal, use vertical tanks mounted on
concrete foundations.
PROCESS VESSELS
Liquids with high vapor pressures and liquefied gases
are stored in elongated horizontal vessels.
Gases under high pressure may be stored in elongated
horizontal vessels but often in spherical tanks.
Gases at or near atmospheric pressure are stored in gas
holders with floating roofs and are sealed with a liquid
in a double wall built onto the holder.
Liquefied gases are maintained at sub atmospheric
temperatures with external refrigeration or
autorefrigeration whereby evolved vapors are
compressed, condensed, cooled, and returned to storage.
Liquids stored at near atmospheric pressure are
subject to breathing losses/evaporation (eg to overcome
the losses: special designed floating roof).
PROCESS VESSELS
Horizontal tanks.
1.0 implies that the joint is equally as strong. The use of lower joint
factors in design, though saving costs on radiography, will result in a
thicker, heavier, vessel, and the designer must balance any cost savings
on inspection and fabrication against the increased cost of materials.
The national codes and standards divide vessel construction into
different categories, depending on the amount of non-destructive testing
required. The higher categories require 100 % radiography of the welds,
and allow the use of highest values for the weld joint factors. For
stainless, the allowable design stress is around 80 per cent of that for the
other categories.
SHELLS AND HEADS
Most process vessels are made up
from shells of revolution: cylindrical
and conical sections, and
hemispherical, ellipsoidal and
torispherical heads.
a-Clamped Edges
b-Simply Supported
General equation for Flat Plates can be written in the form:
𝑃
𝑡 = 𝐶𝐷
𝑓
f=the maximum alllowable stress (design stress);
D=the effective plate diameter;)
C= a constant, which depends on the edge support
• Taking Poisson’s ratio as 0.3, a typical value for steels, then if the edge can
be taken as completely rigid, C = 0.43, and if it is essentially free to rotate,
C = 0.56.
MATERIAL SELECTION – GENERAL GUIDELINE
1. Iron and steel - low carbon steel (mild steel) is the most commonly
used engineering material. It is cheap; available in a wide range of
standard forms and sizes; and can be easily worked and welded. It has
good tensile strength and ductility, however are not resistant to
corrosion.
2. Stainless steel - the most frequently used corrosion resistant
materials (corrosion resistance: the chromium content must be >12
%). Nickel is added to improve the corrosion resistance.
Ferritic: 13-20 per cent Cr, < 0.1 % C, with no nickel
Austenitic: 18-20 per cent Cr, > 7 % Ni (see next table)
Martensitic: 12-10 per cent Cr, 0.2 to 0.4 % C, up to 2 % N
3. High alloy content stainless steels - Super austenitic, high
nickel stainless steels, containing between 29 to 30 % nickel and 20 %
chromium, have a good resistance to acids and acid chlorides. They
are more expensive than the lower alloy content, 300 series, of
austenitic stainless steels. Read 7.8 Coulson for nickel, monel, inconel,
the hastelloys, copper and copper alloys, aluminium and its alloys,
lead, titanium, tantalum, etc.
4. Read also plastics and ceramic materials as being
increasingly used for materials construction.
Austenitic
MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION
Subsidiary/secondary loads
1. Local stresses caused by supports, internal structures and connecting pipes.
2. Shock loads caused by water hammer, or by surging of the vessel contents.
3. Bending moments caused by eccentricity of the centre of the working pressure
relative to the neutral axis of the vessel.
4. Stresses due to temperature differences and differences in the coefficient
expansion of materials.
5. Loads caused by fluctuations in temperature and pressure.
APPROXIMATE EQUATIONS IN TABLE 18.4
DESIGN OF THIN WALLED VESSEL UNDER INTERNAL PRESSURE
𝑃𝑖 𝐷𝑖
𝑡=
4𝑓𝐸 + 0.8𝑃𝑖
APPROXIMATE EQUATIONS-SPHERE
𝑃𝑖 𝐷𝑖
𝑡=
4𝑓𝐸 − 0.4𝑃𝑖
Longitudinal stress
(circumferential
joint)
𝑃
𝑡 = 𝐶𝑝 𝐷𝑒
𝑓
Cp=a design constant, dependent on the edge constraint
De=nominal plate diameter
F =maximum alllowable stress
𝑃𝑖 𝐷𝑖 𝑃𝑖 𝐷𝑖
𝑡=
2𝑓𝐸 − 0.2𝑃𝑖
𝑡= **
2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼(𝑓𝐸 − 0.6𝑃𝑖 )
Coulson
DESIGN OF DOMED HEADS/ENDS: ASME
(in2)