AMBO UNIVERSITY

HACHALU HUNDESSA CAMPUS

SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL AND INDUSTRIAL
ENGINEERING
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

MACHINE DESING PROJECT-ONE

DESING OF VERTICAL UNFIRED PRESSURE VESSEL
(UFPV)

Submitted to: Chala A.

 Submission Date March /14/2022GC.

GROUP -1
NAMES
ID. NO
 AYENEW MEWDAD………….. .BWT 12/010/11
 YIHEYIS MULATU……………. .BWT 12/047/11
 JIGSA MITIKU…………………...BWT 12/024/11
 KALAB ARMIAS………………. .BWT 12/025/11
CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION
An unfired pressure vessel is a closed container designed to hold gases or liquids which has a
pressure difference in side it by atmospheric pressure, the inside pressure is usually higher than
the outside, except for some isolated situations.

The term pressure vessel referred to those reservoirs or container, which are subjected to internal
or external pressure. The pressure vessels are used to store fluids under pressure. the fluid being
stored may undergo a change of state inside vessel as in case of steam boilers or it may combine
with other reagents as in chemical plants. High pressure is developed in pressure vessel so
pressure vessel has to withstand several forces developed due to internal pressure, so selection of
pressure vessel is most critical. ASME Sec. VIII div.1 is most widely used code for design and
construction of pressure vessel. Div.1 does not consider harmonic analysis. Div.1 considers
biaxial state of stress combined in accordance with maximum stress theory.When pressure of
operating fluid increases, increases in thickness of vessel this increase in thickness beyond a
certain value possess fabrication difficulties and stronger material for vessel construction. The
material of pressure vessel may be brittle such as cast iron or ductile such as mild steel. Failure
in pressure vessel occurs due to improper selection of materials, defects in material, incorrect
design data, design method, shop testing, improper or insufficient fabrication process including
welding, corrosion allowance is the main consideration in pressure vessel design. Corrosion is
occurring over the life of the vessel. During service, pressure vessel may be subjected to cyclic
or repeated stresses.

Fatigue in pressure vessel occurs due to:

 Variation in external load

 Fluctuation of pressure
 Temperature transients
  Restriction of expansion or contraction during normal temperature
variation,
 Forced vibration so our given fluid is paraffin oil.
Paraffin oil-liquid paraffin oil is a mineral oil and its a byproduct of crude oil distillation. It is
transparent, colorless, odorless, and tasteless oil which is mainly composed of high boiling
alkenes derivatives.

Liquid paraffin is a mixture of higher molecular weight alkenes derivatives and has a number of
names, including nujol, andesine oil, alboline, glymol, medicinal paraffin, or saxol. It has
density of approximately 0.8g/cm^3.it is not soluble in water and is known to have low
reactivity.

1.1BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Pressure vessel is closed containers designed to hold gases or liquids material under internal and
external pressure. Pressure vessels are design to operate safely at a specific pressure and
temperature.

Pressure vessels are the most widespread machines within the different industrial sectors. In fact,
there is no factory without pressure vessel, such as steam boilers, tanks, autoclaves, collectors,
heat exchangers, pipes, etc… more specifically pressure vessel represent fundamental component
in sectors of enormous industrial importance, such as the nuclear, oil, petrochemical, and
chemical sectors. There are periodic international symposia on the problems related to the
verification of pressure vessel. Pressure vessels can be dangerous, and fatal accidents have
occurred in the history of their development and operation. Consequently, pressure vessel design,
manufacture, and operation are regulated by engineering authorities backed by legislation. For
these reasons, the definition of a pressure vessel varies from country to country. Engineering
plastic has been used for pressure vessel application for a long time.

In general, pressure vessels design in accordance with the ASME Code, Section VIII, Division 1,
are designed by rules and do not require a detailed evaluation of all stresses. It is recognized that
high localized and secondary bending stresses may exist but are allowed for by use of a higher
safety factor and design rules for details. It is required, however, that all loadings the forces
applied to a vessel or its structural attachments must be considered.
Finally, pressure vessel are refers to those reservoirs and apparatus which work under internal
and external pressure and operate under the pressure. Pressure vessel is created to house fluid
that are subjected to pressure and is connected to other machinery. It can be a single chamber or
composed of more.

There are two forms of pressure vessels:

 Fired pressure vessel
 Unfired pressure vessel
1 .Based on installation method:
 Horizontal pressure vessel
 Vertical pressure vessel
 Spherical pressure vessel
2. According to the dimension:
 thin shell (t <1/10 *d)
 Thick shell (t >1/10 *d)
3. According to the end construction:
 Open end
 Closed end
Unfired pressure vessel can act like heat exchanger, used to cool and heat fluid when combined
with other fluid. These usually consist of several adjacent chambers and tube bundles another
example of an unfired pressure vessel is steam generator that is related to the piping system for
producing steam. An unfired pressure vessel is any type of pressure vessel that is not fired. This
means that they are not exposed to combustion or burner fire. Since it an unfired vessel, there is a
lesser risk of overheating. They are very helpful in preventing corrosion by being an instrument
of heat exchanger with this vessel, the occurrence of corrosion due to extremely high
temperatures and other related factors can be prevented.

Fired pressure vessel is partially or totally open to burners and combustion gases and is prone to
overheating. Examples of fired vessels include thermal oil heaters related to organic liquid piping
systems as well as boilers that are used to generate hot water or steam.

The earliest documented design of pressure vessels was described in 1495 in the book by
Leonardo da Vinci, the Codex Madrid I, in which containers of pressurized air were theorized to
lift heavy weights underwater. The pressure vessels resembling those used today did not come
about until the 1800s, when steam was generated in boilers helping to spur the industrial
revolution. However, with poor material quality and manufacturing techniques along with
improper knowledge of design, operation and maintenance there was a large number of
damaging and often fatal explosions associated with these boilers and pressure vessels, with a
death occurring on a nearly daily basis in the United States. Local provinces and states in the US
began enacting rules for constructing these vessels after some particularly devastating vessel
failures occurred killing dozens of people at a time, which made it difficult for manufacturers to
keep up with the varied rules from one location to another. The first pressure vessel code was
developed starting in 1911 and released in 1914, starting the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel
Code (BPVC). In an early effort to design a tank capable of withstanding pressures up to 10,000
psi (69 Map), a 6-inch (150 mm) diameter tank was developed in 1919 that was spirally-wound
with two layers of high tensile strength steel wire to prevent sidewall rupture, and the end caps
longitudinally reinforced with lengthwise high-tensile rods. The need for high pressure and
temperature vessels for petroleum refineries and chemical plants gave rise to vessels joined with
welding instead of rivets, which were unsuitable for the pressures and temperatures required and
in the 1920s and 1930s the BPVC included welding as an acceptable means of construction;
welding is the main means of joining metal vessels today.
Components of pressure vessels
The major components of pressure vessel are listed below:
I. Head
II. Shell
III. Nozzle
IV. Support
Head
All pressure vessel shells must be closed at the ends by heads (or another shell section). Heads is
typically curved rather than flat.
 There are four types of head:
Flat Plates and Formed Flat Heads.
Hemispherical Heads.
Ellipsoidal Heads.
Tori-spherical Heads.

Flat plates are used as covers for access ports or manholes, and as the channel covers of heat
exchangers.
Tori-spherical heads are the most commonly used end closures for vessels up to
operating pressures of 15 bars. They can be used for higher pressures, but above 10 bars, their
cost should be compared with that of an Ellipsoidal head. Above 15 bars, an Ellipsoidal head
will usually prove to be the most economical closure to use.

Hemispherical head is the strongest shape, capable of resisting about twice the pressure
of a Tori-spherical head of the same thickness. The cost of forming a hemispherical head will,
however, be higher than for a shallow Tori-spherical head. Hemispherical heads are used for
high pressures.
Shell
The shell is the primary component that contains the pressure. Pressure vessel shells are welded
together to form a structure that has a common rotational axis. Most pressure vessel shells are
cylindrical, spherical, or conical in shape. Horizontal drums have cylindrical shells and are
fabricated in a wide range of diameters and lengths.

Nozzle
A nozzle is a cylindrical component that penetrates the shell or heads of a pressure Vessel. The
nozzle ends are usually flanged to allow for the necessary connections and to permit easy
disassembly for maintenance or access. Nozzles are used for the following applications: -
Attach piping for flow into or out of the vessel.
Attach instrument connections, (e.g., level gauges, thermo wells, or pressure gauges).
Provide access to the vessel interior at man-holes.
Provide for direct attachment of other equipment items, (e.g., a heat exchanger or mixer)
Support
The method used to support a vessel will depend on the size, shape, and weight of the vessel; the
design temperature and pressure; the vessel location and arrangement; and the internal and
external fittings and attachments. Horizontal vessels are usually mounted on two saddle supports.
Skirt supports

are used for tall, vertical columns. Brackets, or lugs, are used for all types of vessel. The
supports must be designed to carry the weight of the vessel and contents, and any superimposed
loads, such as wind loads. Supports will impose localized loads on the vessel wall, and the
design must be checked to ensure that the resulting stress concentrations are below the maximum
allowable design stress. Supports should be designed to allow easy access to the vessel and
fittings for inspection and maintenance. Typical kinds of supports are as follow:-
I. Skirt Support
II. Leg support
III. Saddle support
IV. Lug support
Skirt Support
Tall, vertical, cylindrical pressure vessels are typically supported by skirts. A support skirt is a
cylindrical shell section that is welded either to the lower portion of the vessel shell or to the
bottom head (for cylindrical vessels). Skirts for spherical vessels are welded to the vessel near
the midplane of the shell. The skirt is normally long enough to provide enough flexibility so that
radial

thermal expansion of the shell does not cause high thermal stresses at its junction with the skirt.
 Leg
Small vertical drums are typically supported on legs that are welded to the lower portion of the
shell. The maximum ratio of support leg length to drum diameter is typically 2:1. The number of
legs needed depends on the drum size and the loads to be carried. Support legs are also typically
used for spherical pressurized storage vessels. The support legs for small vertical drums and
spherical pressurized Storage vessels may be made from structural steel columns or pipe
sections, whichever provides a more efficient design.

Saddle support
Horizontal drums are typically supported at two locations by saddle supports. A saddle Support
spreads the weight load over a large area of the shell to prevent an excessive local stress in the
shell at the support points. The width of the saddle, among other design details, is determined by
12 the specific size and design conditions of the pressure vessel. One saddle support is normally
fixed or anchored to its foundation.

Lug support
Lugs that are welded to the pressure vessel shell, which are shown on, may also be used to
support vertical pressure vessels. The use of lugs is typically limited to vessels of small to
medium diameter (1 to 10 ft.) and moderate height-to diameter ratios in the range of 2:1 to 5:1.
Lug supports are often used for vessels of this size that are located above grade within structural
steel. The lugs are
typically bolted to horizontal structural members to provide stability against overturning loads;
however, the bolt holes are often slotted to permit free radial thermal expansion of the drum.

1.2 PROBLEM OF THE STUDY

Pressure vessel is one of the most devices, which is used in industries. But there are several
defects created on this device. Such as corrosion, loss of thickness, mechanical and metallurgical
failure, cracking, mechanical deformation etc. and these defects are influenced
negatively on the function of this device. However, these defects can be solved by different
mechanisms. Such as by proper material selection ,by proper manufacturing process: like
welding process etc. from the above defects we would like to mainly focus on corrosion because
since the devise has continuous connection between fluids the material is greatly affected by
corrosion. But due to different technical and environmental influences we cannot prevent the
problem absolutely.

However: as much as possible we are design our project vertical unfired pressure vessel by
eradicating these problems to a minimum position. The pressure vessels that not follow any
standard codes can be very dangerous in fact many fatal accidents have occurred in the history of
their operation and development.

Improper design and construction, irregular testing and inspection cause safety hazards to
pressure vessels. When a substance is stored under pressure, the potential for rupture and leakage
is greater.

Finally, pressure vessel design and maintenance must be considered carefully as even a small
imperfection increases the risk of pressure vessel failure, posing a serious safety hazard.
Therefore, we are engineers must be determine the pressure level, temperature, material
components, size and shape.

The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) provides a boiler and pressure vessel
code on which engineers base pressure vessel design. In such instances, engineers conduct
intensive mathematical and scientific analyses to ensure design and construction methods meet
the stringent requirements of pressure vessel material, size, shape, and temperature and pressure
level of the pressure vessel as well as personal preferences.

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

1.3.1 GENERAL OBJECTIVE
The main objective of this project is Design the vertical position unfired pressure vessel which
has the specification of a hemispherical Head, Skirt support, Volume 5m^3, 9Mpa, 475k, liquid
type is paraffin.

1.3.2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE

In addition to general objective these project have also some specific objectives. Specifically, we
are designed support, head, shell and nozzle and it has its own procedures to design each
components.

 To select the suitable material for the design

 To determine the thickness of the pressure vessel.
 To design hemispherical head,
 To design inlet and outlet nozzles,
 To design skirt support,
 To design bolted flange joint,
 To design standard flanges,
 To design man- hole,
 To selecting suitable parts and to make proper engineering assumption
 To compute stress analysis for each component,
 To analyze cost of the components

, 1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

These studies enable to us store the fluid (paraffin) under the higher-pressure conditions. and to
know how to design a pressure vessel which fulfills the requirement that it needs. It also helps us
to know how to calculate the thickness of pressure vessel that may resist a type of failure caused
by internal and external effects.

It’s also helps us to know the selection of materials for this application and its components.
Which materials are more suitable Generally, this project helps us to develop our understanding
on machine and part designs and what kind of specification should be considered.

1.4.1 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

In our study we will try to show how vertical unfired pressure vessel to be made and steps to
make a pressure vessel with a given specification without failure.

We will design the pressure vessel according to by the standard of ASME(American Society of
Mechanical Engineering) and we will try to design based on the requirement such as availability,
stability, rigidity, ease to manufacturability, corrosion resistibility, and durability.

Chapter II

Literature Review

A review on the literature was carried out in order to have a detailed knowledge how to design
unfired pressure vessel and the use of various techniques for design pressure vessel. The detailed
literature review is as below:

M Javed Hyder and M Asif:-

Due to practical requirements, pressure vessels it has openings of various shapes, sizes and
positions. the main objective of this paper reviews show that some of the developments in the
determination of stress concentration factor in pressure vessels at openings, stress analysis of
different types of end connections and minimization stress with the help of optimize location and
angle of nozzle on shell and head. The literature has indicated a growing interest in the field of
stress concentration analysis in the pressure vessels. The motivation for this research is to
analyze the stress concentration occurring at the openings of the pressure vessels and the means
to reduce the effect of the same. In this paper the recent and past developments, theories for
estimation of stress Concentrations are presented and the scope for future studies is also
presented [1].

B.S AZZAM, M.A.A. MUHAMMAD, M.O.A.MOKTAR et.al. (1996) to make sure the pressure
vessel safe On the joining method of shell and end cup proper design technique and
manufacturing system is must therefore proper material selection and method of joining is
mandatory specially welding is best now a day. the main objective of this paper shows that
there is a difference between the result of experimental testing and the theoretical design .they
were trying to show by wrapping different number of reinforced layers on the pressure vessel
but finally the expected result were not satisfactory. [2].

Josip Kacmarcik, Nedelijko Vukojevic And Fuad Hadzikadunic et.al.

The mean objectives of this paper is comparison and determining of stress concentration factor
on openings. they are trying to compare stress concentration factor by two different methods, by
strain gauge with experimental set-up and finite element analysis with ABAQUS software.
When compared both method it is shown finally, that the maximum deviation of 15.5% is
acceptable for engineering application of stress concentration factor and They identifies FEM
analysis is enough for determining stress concentration factor in pressure vessel design. And this
research also show advantages of FEM analysis in possibility to determine stresses on vessel.[3]

V.N.Skopinsky,A.B.SMETANKIN:-

Modeling and Stress Analysis of Nozzle Connections In Ellipsoidal Heads Of Pressure Vessels
Under External Loading. The researcher they went to show the effect of stress concentration in
external loading has more effect than in the internal pressure, the main objective of this paper
show that, the angle affects the stress concentration if the alpha angle increase the stress
concentration in the shell increase.[4]

J.Fang,Q.H.Tang,Z.F.Sangaet.al.

the researcher they went to show and the Usefulness of Pad Reinforcement in Cylindrical
Vessels under External Load on Nozzle” result from this research indicate that the maximum
elastic stress and stress D/d ratio, are reduced by pad reinforcement, they found that in test
reduction rate is 20-60% and in finite element analysis reduction rate is 28-59% and its and result
also indicate that the plastic limit of nozzle in cylinder vessel is increased by pad reinforcement,
generally rate of increase is about 40-70% from test and its larger than 40% from finite element
analysis, so the conclusion given from the result that the reinforcement structure are useful under
static external load on nozzle [5]
PravinNaralandPSKachare

Structural Analysis Of Nozzle Attachment On Pressure Vessel Design discontinuity of vessel

wall, so a stress concentration created around a opening, they said if the nozzle is kept on peak of
the dished end it do not disturb the symmetry of the vessel, but if it is placed on the placed on the
periphery of the vessel, it may be disturb the symmetry of the vessel. in this paper conduct a
study analysis, what will be the effect of the nozzle angle and increase number of nozzle and
find out optimum angle such that the stress are maintained within limits. [6]

V.N.Skopinsky

Stress in Ellipsoidal Pressure Vessel Heads with Non central Nozzle, the objective of this paper
is more investigation of shell intersection problem, the shell theory and finite element method are
used for stress analysis of nozzle connections in ellipsoidal heads in this paper, the feature of
numerical procedure, structural modeling of nozzle-head shell intersections and SAIS special-
purpose computer program are discussed. They try to show the SAIS program this program can
be used for nozzle location finding. [7]

BineshPVyas,R.M.Tayade

most of the researchers they are use of Pvelite Software, for design Of Vertical Pressure
vessels that gives accurate analysis result and also reduces time . further research need to
explore environmental parameter such as earthquake, thermal load, fluctuation load and soon.
PVElite gives thickness of shell, thickness of head, height of head, thickness of nozzle, manhole,
[8]

Ug˘ur Gu¨ven
Obtained the failure pressures of thick and thin walled cylindrical pressure vessels considering
the Voce hardening law and plastic orthotropic effect. The solution presented is used to compare
the failure pressures of copper and brass cylindrical pressure vessels. The failure pressures of
thick and thin walled cylindrical vessels are solved by numerical and closed form solutions. The
solutions presented are used to compare the failure pressures copper and brass cylindrical
vessels. (2007 ) [9]

Nishant M. Tandel, Jignesh M parmar

they had presented work on A review on pressure vessel design and analysis, this paper deal
with vessel are subjected to various applied forces acting in combination with internal or external
pressure and some design principle, design of pressure vessel is governed by ASME pressure
vessel code, design of different pressure vessel concerned with element such as shell, dish end,
operating man hole, support leg, based on standard and code and evaluation of shell and dish end
analyzed by means of analysis, and this paper they concluded that finite element analysis is an
extremely powerful tool foe pressure vessel and also concluded the design method to be used in
pressure vessel are depend upon stresses and internal or external pressure. (2013) [10]

Bandarupalli Praneeth, T.B.S.Rao

they compared the theoretical values and ANSYS value for both solid wall and multilayer
pressure vessels. And they concluded that multi layered pressure vessels are superior for high
pressures and high temperature operating conditions over the conventional mono block pressure
vessel. Theoretical calculated values by using Different formulas are very close to that of the
values obtained from ANSYS analysis is suitable for multilayer pressure vessels. (2012) [11]

Drazan Kozak
on this paper they Presented worked on Overloading Effect on the Carrying Capacity of
Cylindrical Tank with Tori spherical Heads for the Underground Storage of Petrol, Horizontal
cylindrical double skin steel tank with tori spherical heads for the underground storage of petrol
has been manufactured, before exploitation it has to be tested with pressure of 2 bars according
EN 12285-1 norm. During the pressurization uncontrolled pressure increasing happens. Effects
on this overloading have been analyzed by using of finite element method. [12]
Shaik Abdul Lathuef and K. Chandra Sekhar
Discusses some of the potential unintended consequences related to Governing Thickness of
shell as per ASME. Here has a scope to change the code values by take the minimum governing
thickness of pressure vessel shell to the desired requirements and also relocate of nozzle location
to minimize the stresses in the shell. In this paper nozzle located at five places and analysis with
ANSYS here nozzle locates at shell left end, at the shell middle, at the shell right end, at dished
end of both side and calculate stress. And they found from result that the stress would be
Minimum at the dished end with hillside orientation. A low value of the factor of safety results in
economy of material this will lead to thinner and more flexible and economical vessels. Here we
evaluated the stress in the vessel by Zick analysis approach. (2012) [13]

M J Mungla
Had conducted design and analysis of various components of pressure vessels like shell, heads,
flanges, and nozzle and support structures along using ASME code. Design of base ring and skirt
sections has not been covered under ASME code and their dimensions are calculated with
general design principles. Stress analysis of these components has been carried out with
combined load cases. (2013) [14]

SMRUTI BIJAYADARSHINEE MOHAPATRA et.al. (2018)

A pressure vessel is a closed container which is designed to store liquid or gas at a pressure or
temperature, which is different from the ambient pressure and temperature. During operation,the
pressure vessel has to withstand several induce stress due to internal or external pressure.
Thus,for the safety purpose storage vessels has to be designed according to ASME standards and
rules .The design mainly concerned with two chambers mounted concentrically out of which one
experiences internal pressure and othe rexperiences external pressure with proper fixture and
connecting arrangement. This project work deals with a detailed study of various parts of
pressure vessels like shell, torispherical head .Design is carried according to rules of ASME code
section VIII, Division and calculate the stresses induced in the various part of the vessel by using
ASME CODE AND STANDARDS and compare these results with the ANSYS results.[15]
II.CONCLUSIONS:
From the literature review it is seen that ASME and other code are providing solutions for more
general cases and required higher factor of safety, also limit load and stress concentration
formulae are not available for non standard shape and intersection and geometrical discontinuity,
most of researcher have worked in thin-pressure vessels and there is scope in studying the
opening in thick pressure vessel, from above discussion it is cleared that study of the effect of
change in size, position, location of the opening in pressure vessel to study the stress
concentration is essential, the position and location of the opening on cylinder is not studied in
past by researcher and there is no code provision for such design, here PVEleite software is used
for designing of pressure vessel, SAIS program also used for reducing time for calculation, Finite
element analysis is an extremely powerful tool for pressure vessel. A structural analysis of the
high pressure vessel will be implemented. The maximum load on a saddle may be conservative
or liberal, depending upon the value of the ratio A/L used. Furthermore, the design of the saddle
structure, Stress concentration is one of the important factors to be studied in the pressure vessel
opening, A review of the literature related to the stress concentration at opening in pressure
vessel is presented, also the effect of the end cover on the position and size of the opening needs
to be studied.
CHAPTER III
MATERIAL AND METHODS

Materials used for unfired pressure vessels

 Carbon steels
 Stainless steel
 Nickel alloy
 Tinanium
 Almunium steels
 Alloy steels
 Cast iron
 Miled steel

Selection of Materials for Engineering Purposes:-The selection of a proper material, for

engineering purposes, is one of the most difficult problem for the designer. The following factor
should be considered while selecting the material;

1. Availability of the material.

2. Suitability of the material for the working condition.
3. The cost of the material.

So we select nickel alloy due to the following criteria :-

 It provide excellent protection from thermal expansion.

 It offers great resistance to corrosion.
 Suitable for use in harsh environment.
 Extremely reliable and capable of lasing for several years.
 Good resistance to oxidation and carburization.
Mechanical property of nickel alloy 200:-

Properties Metric

Tensile strength 450-760MPa

Yield strength 288MPa

Specification of design

Volume 5m3

Design pressure 9MPa

Design temperature 475K=201.85oϹ

Vessel position Vertical type

Head type hemispherical

Support Skirt

Liquid type paraffin

Some assumption we take for our calculation to design

Assumption Symbol Value

Factor of safety Fos 1.5

Corrosion allowance C 1.5

Efficiency E 0.85

diameter of pressure vessels D 1700mm

Our given volume is V=5m3

D=1.7m

r=0.85m

4
V=πr 2L+ πr 3
3

4 3
πr 5−2.564 2.435
H=V- 3 = 5- 1.33∗3.14∗¿ ¿ = 2.68 = 2.543 =0.95m
2
πr

L 0.95
= =0.55 M Therefore, the design is safe.
D 1.7

Therefore we have all parameters to calculate the area of the service pressure of the oil in the
pressure vessel.

π 2
A= D = πr 2
4

= 3.14(0.85 ¿ ¿2 = 2.268m2

Since the assume thickness is greater than the required thickness found by the calculation the
pressure vessel is safe.

Design Pressure
A vessel must be designed to withstand the maximum pressure to which it is likely to be
subjected in operation. For vessels under internal pressure, the design pressure is normally taken
as the pressure at which the relief device is set. This will normally be 5 to 10 per cent above the
normal Working pressure, to avoid spurious operation during minor process upsets
PD = 9MPa
Pd = pi+(Pi*10/100)
Pd =1.1Pi
Pi = 8.18Mpa
Design Temperature
The strength of metals decreases with increasing temperature so the maximum allowable design
stress will depend on the material temperature. The design temperature at which the design stress
is evaluated should be taken as the maximum working temperature of the material, with due
allowance for any uncertainty involved in predicting vessel wall temperatures.
- TD = 201.85°c

Selection of suitable material must be considered the suitability of the material for
fabrication
(particularly for welding) as well as the compatibility of the materials with the
environment.
By using design temperature and material type the design stress and tensile Strength for
the selected nickel:alloy is
Tensile strength: 450-760MPa
Design stress at 201.85℃ =288MPa

Design of pressure vessel components

Design of shell:-
Shell is the primary component that contains the pressure. The shell of the vessel maybe made of
one or more type of material, varying diameter and thickness according to the function of the
vessel due to the process and phase change of process fluid.

A, Thickness of cylindrical shell:-

To find the thickness first calculate allowable stress by the given yield strength and by taking the
FOS=1.5 that is choosing from the range of from 1.5 to 5.

y ield stres s 288 Mpa

S = FOS
= 1.5
=192 Mpa

tactual = P*R +C
SE-P

tactual = 9mpa * 850 +1.5

192mpa*0.85-9
t actual = 52mm

Then we can check either the shell is thick or thin, R/t>10 for thin shell and R/t<10 for thick
shell

R/t=850/52= 16 mm which is greater than 10mm, so it is thin shell cylinder.

B, Design of shell thickness due to internal pressure:-

Calculation for nominal thickness,

tn = P*R +C
SE - 0.6 P

tn = 9mpa * 850
192*0.85-0.6*9
+1.5

tn = 50mm
p= designing pressure

R=internal radius =D/2

C=corrosion allowance

S= max allowable stress

E=efficiency=0.85

C, Calculation for circular thickness:-

tc = P*R +C
2*SE -+0.4 P

tc = 9mpa * 850 +1.5

2*192*0.85+0.4*9

tc =25 mm

According to ASME tc<tn< tactual should be concerned. 25mm< 50mm< 52 mm so it is

applicable, the design is safe. Also we can check the thickness by lame’s equation.

t=R*(
√
S+p
S− p
-1)

t=850*(
t=41mm
√
192+ 9
192−9
-1)

According to Lame’s equation the thickness we get by Lame’s equation should be

less than the shell thickness. 41mm<52mm; the design is safe.
Length of the shell:- before calculating the length of the shell we calculate depth of the head(h),
Where, Dext=external diametr=internal diametre(D)+t

Rk=inside knuckle radius=3t=3(52)=156mm

Rc=inside crown radius=Dext=D+t=1700+52=1752mm

√
2
h=1700mm+52mm- (1700 mm−2 ( 52mm ))2−( 1700−7 x 52 mm )
2
h=303mm
therefore length of the shell calculated as follow:-
volume (total)=Vshell+2Vhead
Vs= πR2h
2
2 πRc
Vh=0.85( ¿h
3
2
2 2 πRc
Vt= πR L +2x 0.85( ¿h
3
volume of head is calculate below;
2
2 πRc
Vh=0.85( ¿h
3

Vh=0.85 ( 2 π∗( 1700 mm+52

3
mm ) 2
)∗303 mm
Vh = 2.7m3
From our total volume length is can be calculated as:-
Vt=2Vh+Vs
2
2 πRc
Vt=2x0.85( ¿ h+ πR2L
3
5m3=(2.76x2)m3+ π (0.85)2L
5m3=5.52m3+2.27L
L=5/2.27=0.22m
 L
The design+ to be safe <5
D
0.22/1.7<5
0.1 <5 so, our design is safe.

Design of head
Minimum head thickness is obtained from the following equation. As it is known
our head which we use for this design is torispherical. There are two main types of
torispherical tank heads: klopper and korboggen. we select klopper for our design.

We select nickel alloy 225 material for head, that has yielding stress 550Mpa

Head thickness:-

PL
th = 2 SE−0.2 P +Ca where L=D,

9 MPa∗220 mm
th =
2∗367 MPa∗0.85−(0.2∗9 MPa)
+1.5
th=4.68mm

Volume of head:-

2
2 πR c
V=0.9[( ¿h¿
3
2
2 π∗1.734
V=0.9[( ¿ 0.303m]
3

V=1.7m3

Side face calculation:-

Sf=1.7*t

Sf=1.5*4.68mm=8mm