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    Milkian, S Method

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    maqsood Ahmad
    The document describes Millikan's oil drop experiment to determine the charge of an electron. The experiment uses an apparatus containing oil drops that fall between charged plates. The velocity and charge of individual drops is measured. Millikan found that the charges on different drops were always integer multiples of a fundamental unit of charge, which he determined to be 1.6×10^-19 Coulombs, the charge of a single electron. This experiment was the first to directly measure the fundamental electric charge and helped establish quantum theory.

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    Milkian, S Method

    Uploaded by

    maqsood Ahmad
    256 views12 pages
    The document describes Millikan's oil drop experiment to determine the charge of an electron. The experiment uses an apparatus containing oil drops that fall between charged plates. The velocity and charge of individual drops is measured. Millikan found that the charges on different drops were always integer multiples of a fundamental unit of charge, which he determined to be 1.6×10^-19 Coulombs, the charge of a single electron. This experiment was the first to directly measure the fundamental electric charge and helped establish quantum theory.

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    The document describes Millikan's oil drop experiment to determine the charge of an electron. The experiment uses an apparatus containing oil drops that fall between charged plates. The velocity and charge of individual drops is measured. Millikan found that the charges on different drops were always integer multiples of a fundamental unit of charge, which he determined to be 1.6×10^-19 Coulombs, the charge of a single electron. This experiment was the first to directly measure the fundamental electric charge and helped establish quantum theory.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    256 views12 pages

    Milkian, S Method

    Uploaded by

    maqsood Ahmad
    The document describes Millikan's oil drop experiment to determine the charge of an electron. The experiment uses an apparatus containing oil drops that fall between charged plates. The velocity and charge of individual drops is measured. Millikan found that the charges on different drops were always integer multiples of a fundamental unit of charge, which he determined to be 1.6×10^-19 Coulombs, the charge of a single electron. This experiment was the first to directly measure the fundamental electric charge and helped establish quantum theory.

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    You are on page 1of 12

    Experiment No 13

    To determine the charge of electron


    by Milliken’s oil drop method.
    • Aim:
    • To experimentally demonstrate the concept of Millikan’s oil drop
    experiment.
    • To find the terminal velocity of the drop.
    • To find the charge on a drop.
    •
    • Apparatus:
    • Millikan’s oil drop apparatus
    • Oil
    • Dc supply.
    •
    Milliken’s oil drop method.

    • Robert A. Millikan 1909.


    • 1923 Noble prize, California Institute of
    Technology (Caltech), Pasadena, CA, USA.
    Prize motivation: "for his work on
    the elementary charge of electricity and on
    the photoelectric effect". Field:
    electromagnetism, particle physics.
    Construction
    • Oil drop experiment was performed originally by
    the American physicist Robert A. Millikan in 1909.
    • It measures the charge on a single electron.
    • Apparatus consist of an atomizer, which helps to
    spray tiny droplets of oil. By means of a short
    focal distance telescope, the droplets can be
    viewed. There are two plates, one positive and
    the other negative above and below the bottom
    chamber. Dc supply is attached to the plates.
    Some of the oil drops fall through the hole in the
    upper plate.
    Apparatus
    •
    Theory
    Initially the oil drops are allowed to fall between the plates in the
    absence of electric field. Due to gravity they accelerate first, but
    gradually slowdown because of air resistance.
    • The terminal velocity v1 in the absence of an electric field is
    calculated as
    • where 'l1' is the distance travelled by the oil drop and ’t1’ is the
    time taken.

    • The drag force acting upon the drop is calculated from stokes’s
    law and is given as

    • The apparent weight (true weight minus up thrust) for a perfectly


    spherical body is given by,

    • At terminal velocity the oil drop is not accelerating, so the total


    force acting on it must be zero
    FV-FG=0
    • FV=FG
    Milliken’s oil drop method
    Cont.
    • Using X-rays the bottom chamber air is ionized. As the droplets
    travel through the air, electrons accumulate over the droplets and
    negative charge is acquired. With the help of dc supply a voltage is
    applied. Speed of its motion can be controlled by altering the
    voltage applied on the plates. By adjusting the voltage applied,
    drop can be suspended in air. Millikan observed one drop after
    another, varying the voltage and noting the effect. After many
    repetitions he concluded that charge could assume only certain
    fixed values.
    • He repeated the experiment for many droplets and confirmed
    that the charges were all multiples of some fundamental value
    and calculated it to be 1.5924(17) ×10−19 C, within one percent of
    the currently accepted value of 1.602176487(40) ×10−19 C. He
    proposed that this was the charge of a single electron.
    •
    Milliken’s oil drop method
    Cont.
    r= Radius of oil drop
    η= viscosity of air
    V1= terminal velocity
    g= acceleration due to gravity
    ρ= density of liquid
    ρair =density of air
    Milliken’s oil drop method
    Cont.
    • Now a field is produced in the bottom
    chamber with the supply voltage. A likely
    looking drop is selected and kept in the
    middle of the field of view by adjusting the
    voltage.
    If the electric forces Fe, balances the
    gravitational force FG, the drop suspends in
    the air.
    Then,
    Milliken’s oil drop method
    Cont.

    i.e.
    Fv=Fg
    qE=mg
    E=V/d
    qV/d= mg
    Milliken’s oil drop method
    Cont.
    Where V is the potential difference which is
    being used for balancing the gravitational force
    and d is the distance between the two
    oppositely charged plates.
    If the applied electric force Fe is greater than
    the downward forces, some of the drops (the
    charged ones) will start to move up. Now the
    electric force will act upwards, gravity and
    viscous forces acts downwards.
    Corresponding terminal velocity v2 is calculated
    as, V2=l2/t2
    Milliken’s oil drop method
    Cont.
    • Where l2 is the distance travelled by the oil drop and t2 the time taken.
    • Now the total force acting on drop is Fe-F’v-FG=0.
    • Fe=F’v+FG
    • F'V is the new viscous force under the action of electric field.

    • Millikan repeated the experiment no. of times, each time varying the
    strength of X-rays ionizing the air. As a result no. of electrons attaching to
    the oil drop varied. Then he obtained various values for q, and is found to
    be a multiple of 1.6 x 10-19C.
    Viscosity at room temperature

    1 pa s= 1kg/m.s

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