Lec 0.5 Operating System

Ch.
3 – Operating Systems
Prepared By:-
Mr.Suman Jyoti
Roll.No:-43
Software
Rick Graziani [email protected] 2

Software
• Application software: Programs for performing a specific task

– Word processing, spreadsheets, gaming, web page design, graphic design
• System software:
– Operating software: Software that controls the overall operation of the
computer
• (more next)
– Utility software: Software that extends or customizes the capabilities of
the operating system
• Formatting
• compress/decompress data
• network communications
• Distinction between Application and System software can be vague.
– Anti-trust and unfair business practice lawsuits against Microsoft have
been filed over the years.
What is an Operating System?
• An Operating System is a program that acts as an
intermediary/interface between a user of a computer and
the computer hardware.
• OS goals:
– Control/execute user/application programs.
– Make the computer system convenient to use.
– Ease the solving of user problems.
– Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner.
A. Frank - P. Weisberg
Where does the OS fit in?
Services provided by an OS
• Facilities for program creation

– editors, compilers, linkers, debuggers, etc.
• Program execution
– loading in memory, I/O and file initialization.
• Access to I/O and files
– deals with the specifics of I/O and file formats.
• System access
– resolves conflicts for resource contention.
– protection in access to resources and data.
7 • Accounting
– Collect usage statistics
– Monitor performance
– Used to anticipate future enhancements
– Used for billing purposes
• Responsible for managing resources
• Functions same way as ordinary computer software
– It is program that is executed
• Operating system relinquishes control of the processor
Why are Operating Systems Important?
• Important to understand and know how to

correctly use when writing user applications.
• Large and complex systems that have a high
economic impact and result in interesting
problems of management.
• Few actually involved in OS design and
implementation but nevertheless many general
techniques to be learned and applied.
• Combines concepts from many other areas of
Computer Science: Architecture, Languages,
Data Structures, Algorithms.
Operating System Software
• Operating System (OS) – Software that controls the overall operation

of a computer

Operating System Software
Software which manages the overall operation of the computer system

including:
• hardware (CPU, RAM, I/O)
• security
• system interface
• application interface

Resource Management

The User’s View

What “is” an operating system?
Software files (programs) which are stored on the hard disk

• kernel with the internal programs
• external programs
Supporting Data Files

The kernel
The operating system software file (program) which is copied into
RAM, usually from the hard disk drive, during the boot-up.
The kernel remains in RAM while the computer is on and is in

charge of the overall operation of the computer system.
The kernel contains the “internal programs” for the most often used
operations like copying files.
• kmem (Linux)
• command.exe (Microsoft)

Kernel
• Kernel – The internal part of the operating system.

– Those software components that perform the basic functions
required by the computer.
• File management
• Memory management (RAM)
• Security
The functions of an operating system
1. Manages and Interacts with Computer Hardware
2. Provides and Manages System Security
3. Provides the System Interface
4. Provides the Interface for Application Software

1. Manages and Interacts with Computer Hardware
• Manages the CPU

- What software programs the
CPU works on and when
• Manages RAM
- What is stored in RAM and
where it is stored
- Virtual memory
- OS will send message when
RAM is full

Contd.
• Provides the interface for

storage devices and manages
how data is stored on those
devices
- in charge of formatting disks
- creates sectors and clusters
- creates F.A.T. or V.T.O.C.
- sends message when disk is
full or there is some other
problem with writing data to
the disk
- virtual memory
- CD-ROM, DVD-ROM
- Flash drive

Contd.
• Provides the Interface for Input

and Output Devices
– keyboard, mouse, printer,
– device drivers = software
programs which allow the
hardware device to be used
by the operating system and
by application software

Preemptive Multitasking vs Cooperative Multitasking
Cooperative Multitasking
OS gives CPU processing
time to other programs at a
logical point, usually during
idle time
Preemptive Multitasking
OS allocates CPU time
between the different
programs based on amount
of time and priority of the
software application

Multiprocessing with Multiple CPU’s
Asymmetric Multiprocessing = Tasks are assigned to a specific
CPU and each CPU has its own RAM memory
Symmetric Multiprocessing = Tasks are assigned to any

available CPU and CPU’s can share RAM memory

Processes
• Scheduler – Maintains a record

of the processes.
– Adds new processes when
launched.
– Removes old processes
when completed.
– Uses a process table.
• Process Table – Information
about each process including:
– Main memory cells (RAM)
– Priority
– Running or waiting (input
from user or saving to disk)

• Viewing processes with Microsoft Windows
• Task Bar – Right-click, Task Manager
• Ending a process – Killing the process
Processes
• Dispatcher - Oversees
the execution of each
process by the CPU.
– Gives each process a
time slice of CPU time.
– Changes between
processes.

2. Provides and Manages System Security
Single-user Operating Systems

• minimal security
• user has full authority
Server Operating Systems

• login and password capability
• protection of user’s data
stored on the server’s central
hard disk drives
• protection and security for
software programs

3. Provides the System Interface
System Interface or shell =

the interface between the
user and the computer
Command Line Interface (CLI)

• Linux, UNIX, DOS, older
OS’s
Graphical User Interface (GUI)

Command Line Interface, DOS, UNIX, others

DOS plus Windows 3.1

Windows 95

Windows XP

Macintosh

Mac OS X

UNIX with X-Windows

Microsoft Windows 8

4. Provides the Interface for Application Software
• Operating systems are software
• Operating systems are designed

and developed for a specific CPU
or “family of CPUs”
– Macintosh OS: Motorola
680xx, PowerPC Gx, Intel
– DOS: Intel CPUs
– Windows 9x and XP: Intel
80386, 80486, and Pentium
CPUs
– Linux: Intel CPUs
– MS NT & 2000: Intel CPUs

Contd.
• Application software is developed

for an operating system
MS Word for Windows XP

• Windows XP
• Intel CPU
MS Word for the Macintosh

• Macintosh OS X
• Gx CPU or Intel CPU

Compatibility
Question
Will software developed for one operating system work on another?
Will MS Word for Macintosh run on a PC with Windows XP?
Answer
No (unless there is special emulation software or hardware). The
software must be developed separately for each operating
system.
Much of this is beginning to change with MAC using the Intel CPU.

Order of Development
1. The CPU
2. Other Hardware
Components
3. Operating System
Software
4. Application Software

Today’s Operating Systems
• Today’s CPUs (multiprocessors)
– Multiple processors
– Load balancing
• Dynamically allocating
tasks to the various
processors so that all
processors are used
efficiently.
– Scaling
• Breaking tasks into a
number of subtasks
equal to the number of
processors available.
– The Network (Internet)
• Becoming a single
network-wide operating
system rather than a
network of individual
operating systems.
Examples of OS
DOS - Disk Operating System - one of the first operating systems for the personal computer.
When you turned the computer on all you saw was the command prompt which looked like c:\ >.
You had to type all commands at the command prompt which might look like c:\>wp\wp.exe.
This is called a command-line interface.
It was not very "user friendly“
Windows - A product of Microsoft, is a GUI(graphical user interface) operating system. This

type of "user friendly" operating system is said to have WIMP features: Windows, Icons,
Menus, Pointing device (mouse).
MacOS - Macintosh, a product of Apple, has its own operating system with a GUI and WIMP
features.
Unix - Linux (the PC version of Unix) - Unix and Linux were originally created with a
command-line interface, but recently have added GUI enhancements.
*user-friendly is a relative term. The current GUI interfaces provided by Windows and Mac
operating systems are more friendly than the previous DOS systems, but still require us to
conform to their specifications (use of a keyboard or mouse instead of voice and/or hand-writing
recognition).
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Ch.

Rick Graziani [email protected] 2

• Application software: Programs for performing a specific task

• Facilities for program creation

• Important to understand and know how to

• Operating System (OS) – Software that controls the overall operation

Rick Graziani [email protected] 9

Software which manages the overall operation of the computer system

Rick Graziani [email protected] 10

Rick Graziani [email protected] 11

Rick Graziani [email protected] 12

Software files (programs) which are stored on the hard disk

Supporting Data Files

Rick Graziani [email protected] 13

The kernel remains in RAM while the computer is on and is in

Rick Graziani [email protected] 14

• Kernel – The internal part of the operating system.

1. Manages and Interacts with Computer Hardware

2. Provides and Manages System Security

3. Provides the System Interface

4. Provides the Interface for Application Software

Rick Graziani [email protected] 16

• Manages the CPU

Rick Graziani [email protected] 17

• Provides the interface for

Rick Graziani [email protected] 18

• Provides the Interface for Input

Rick Graziani [email protected] 19

Rick Graziani [email protected] 20

Symmetric Multiprocessing = Tasks are assigned to any

Rick Graziani [email protected] 21

• Scheduler – Maintains a record

Rick Graziani [email protected] 22

Rick Graziani [email protected] 24

Single-user Operating Systems

Server Operating Systems

Rick Graziani [email protected] 25

System Interface or shell =

Command Line Interface (CLI)

Graphical User Interface (GUI)

Rick Graziani [email protected] 26

Rick Graziani [email protected] 27

Rick Graziani [email protected] 28

Rick Graziani [email protected] 29

Rick Graziani [email protected] 30

Rick Graziani [email protected] 31

Rick Graziani [email protected] 32

Rick Graziani [email protected] 33

Rick Graziani [email protected] 34

• Operating systems are software

• Operating systems are designed

Rick Graziani [email protected] 35

• Application software is developed

MS Word for Windows XP

MS Word for the Macintosh

Rick Graziani [email protected] 36

Rick Graziani [email protected] 37

Rick Graziani [email protected] 38