Prof. ANGELINE T.

LADDARAN
Learning Objectives:
1. Understand methods of counting
2. Differentiate Mutually exclusive
from Non-mutually exclusive events
3. Differentiate Independent from
dependent events
4. Recognize problems that require
permutation or combination rules
PRINCIPLES AND METHODS OF COUNTING

Sample Space refers

to the totality of all
possible outcomes in
an action, N(SS)
PRINCIPLES AND METHODS OF COUNTING

Sample Points refer to the

cardinal number of expected
outcomes of an event under
consideration (success or failure).
Methods of Counting:
I. By Listing
Arrange the letters of the word
BABY,
BABY BAYB BYAB BYBA
BBAY BBYA ABBY ABYB
YBBA YBAB AYBB YABB
Q.c)
I. By Listing
a)How many ways can you
arrange the four letters? n(SS)
= 12
b)How many ways such that
the BB are together?
Given
I. By Listing
c) How many ways such that
A is ahead of B?
ABBY ABYB
AYBB YABB
Answer: 4 ways
Given
Methods of Counting:
II. By Tree Diagram
Example: Tossing a coin thrice is
the same as tossing 3 coins once)
1st toss = Head or Tail
2nd toss = Head or Tail
3rd toss = Head or Tail
Using tree diagram, Q.c)
 Tree Diagram for tossing a coin thrice

HHH
3rd
H HHT
2nd HTH
3rd
H T HTT
1st THH
T H 3rd
THT
2nd

T 3rd TTH
n(SS) = 8 ways TTT
In tossing 3 coins, Q.c)
a) How many ways can you get
one Head?
b) How many ways two Heads?
c) How many at least
two Heads?
d) How many ways no Head?
e) How many ways all Tails?
Methods of Counting:
III. By Box Diagram
Example:Throwing a pair of dice
1st throw = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 dots}
2nd throw = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 dots}
Using box diagram, we obtain n(SS) =
36 outcomes
 Throwing a pair of dice
Die1 /
1 dot 2 dots 3 dots 4 dots 5 dots 6 dots
Die 2
1 dot (1,1) (1,2) (1,3) (1,4) (1,5) (1,6)

2 dots (2,1) (2,2) (2,3) (2,4) (2,5) (2,6)

3 dots (3,1) (3,2) (3,3) (3,4) (3,5) (3,6)

4 dots (4,1) (4,2) (4,3) (4,4) (4,5) (4,6)

5 dots (5,1) (5,2) (5,3) (5,4) (5,5) (5,6)

6 dots (6,1) (6,2) (6,3) (6,4) (6,5) (6,6)

In throwing 2 dice,
a) How many ways can you get
a total of three dots?
b) How many ways the same
number of dots?
c) How many a total of
at least ten dots?
d) How many ways even and odd
number of dots?
 IV. Venn Diagram
Problem 1.

4 7
9 3 1
3
5 6
2
set A set B
n(SS) = 40
From the given Venn Diagram,
a)How many elements are in Set A?
b)How many elements are in Set B?
c)How many elements are in Set A or B?
d)How many elements are in Set
A and B?
e)How many elements are not in Set A?
f)How many elements are neither in Set A nor B
?
 IV. Venn Diagram
Problem 2.

4 7
9 2
3 3
1 5 6

set A set B
n(SS) = 40
From the given Venn Diagram,
a)How many elements are in Set A?
b)How many elements are in Set B?
c)How many elements are in Set A or B?
d)How many elements are in Set
A and B?
e)How many elements are not in Set A?
f)How many elements are neither in Set A nor B
?
V. Addition Law (applied for a single action only)

AME Law.
For Mutually Exclusive Events
- Events do not have common
outcomes/cannot occur at the same
time; sets do not have common
elements; sets do not have
intersection.)
V. Addition Law (applied for a single action only)

AME Law Formula:

n(A U B) = n(A or B) = n(A) + n(B)

(see Venn Diagram in Problem 1 p.2)

n(A U B) is read as the union of sets A and

B the number of outcomes of event A or
B.
V. Addition Law (applied for a single action only)

ANME Law. For Non-Mutually

Exclusive Events
- Events having common
outcomes, occurring at the same
time/simultaneously; sets have
common elements/with
intersection.)
V. Addition Law (applied for a single action only)

ANME Law Formula:

n(A U B) = n(A or B)
= n(A) + n(B) n(A B)
(see Venn Diagram in Problem 2 p.2)
n(A B) is read as the intersection of sets
A and B the number of simultaneous
outcomes in events A and B.
 PROBLEM: In drawing a card from a deck of cards,

a) How many ways can you get a jack or

a king?
b) How many ways can you get a Black
or a king?
c) How many ways can you get a Red or
a Diamond?
d) How many ways can you get a face
card?
e) How many ways can you get an even
numbered card?
Multiplication Law (Applied for two or more successive
actions)

MI Law.For Independent Events

-the second or next events are not
affected by the outcomes of its previous
event.
Formula:
n(A and B) = n(A) n(B)
Multiplication Law (Applied for two or more successive
actions)

MDI Law. For Dependent Events

-the second or next events are affected
by the outcomes of its previous events.
Formula:
n(A and B) = n(A) n(B/A)
Multiplication Law (Applied for two or more successive
actions)

MDI Law. For Dependent Events

n(A and B) = n(A) n(B/A)
n(B/A) is read as The number of
outcomes in B, provided that / on
condition that / given that the
previous event, A already occurred.
PROBLEM: In drawing two cards from a deck of cards,
1)with replacement ; 2)without replacement; and 3)at once
a) How many ways can you get a jack
and a king?
b) How many ways can you get a Black
and a king?
c) How many ways can you get two
Diamond cards?
d) How many ways can you get both
face cards?
e) How many ways can you get both
even numbered cards?
FACTORIAL of n (n!) refers to the
product of consecutive counting
numbers from n down to 1.
This operator is used to counting of
objects involving permutation and
combination.
e.g.1. 6! = (6)(5)(4)(3)(2)(1) = 720
e.g.2. 6! = (6)(5)(4!) = 5
(3!)(4!) (6)(4!)
 ASSIGNMENT:
Detach/Answer all numbers in
Exercise 5 pp. 37-40 .
Submit the detached exercises on
December 2, 2014 then be ready for
its BOARDWORK discussion.
 VII. PERMUTATION a counting
technique where objects are selected
from the sample space and then
arranged in a certain order.
Permutation Rules:
Perm.Rule 1. The permutation of n
distinct objects taken all at a time is
n P n = n!
Permutation Rules:
Perm.Rule 2. The permutation of n
distinct objects taken only r at a time
is n P r = n! .
(n r)!
Perm.Rule 3. The permutation of n
distinct objects taken all at a time in
a circular path is n P c = (n 1)!
 Examples:
1) Arrange the letters of the word BRAVO
(5 distinct letters)
5P5 = 5! = 120 arrangements

2) Arrange the letters of the word BRAVO

taking 2 letters at a time
5P2 = 5! = (5)(4)(3!)
(5 2)! (3!)
= 20 arrangements
3) Arrange 5 different plates on a round
table 5Pc = 4! = 24 ways
Permutation Rules:
Perm.Rule 4. The permutation of n
objects, not all distinct (with repeated
/common objects r1, r2, rk),
taken all at a time is
n P r1, r2, rk = n! .
(r1!) (r2!) (r3!) (rk!)
 Examples:
4) Arrange all the letters of the word BABY
( from 4 letters, B is twice, hence, r1 = 2 )
4P2 = 4! = (4)(3)(2!) = 12
(2!) (2!)

5) STATISTICS has 10 letters,

S is r1 = 3; T is r2 = 3; and I is r3 = 2
10P3, 3, 2 = 10! =
(3!)(3!)(2!)
(10)(9)(8)(7)(6)(5)(4)(3!) = 50,400
(3!)(6)(2)
 VIII. COMBINATION a counting
technique where objects are
selected from the sample space
without considering its order.
Combination Rules:
Comb.Rule 1. The combination of n
distinct objects taken only r at a time
is n C r = n! .
(r!)(n r)!
e.g. Select 2 letters from the word BRAVO
5 C2 = 5! = (5)(4)(3!) = 10 ways
(2!)(3!) (2)(3!)
Combination Rules:
Comb.Rule 2. The combination of n
distinct objects taken at least 1 at a
time is called the combination
series
nC1+ n C2 + nC3 + n C4 + . . . + nC n 1 + nCn
= 2n 1
Hence, the combination of n distinct objects taken
at least 3 at a time is
nC3 + nC4 + . . . + nCn 1 + nCn
= 2n 1 (nC1 + nC2)

e.g. Find the number of ways of selecting at least

3 students from 5 scholars to represent the school

Solution: First consider the combination series

C + C + C + C + C = 2 5 1 = 31 .
5 1 5 2 5 3 5 4 5 5
 C + C + C + C + C = 2 5 1 = 31 .
5 1 5 2 5 3 5 4 5 5
then
5C 3 + 5C 4 + 5C 5 = 31 (5C1 + 5C2)
= 31 (5 + 10) = 16
or simply use scientific calculator for
5C 3 + 5C 4 + 5C 5
= 10 + 5 + 1 = 16 ways to select
3 from 5 scholars.
Exercise Using your scientific calculator, find the ff:

5P0 = 5C0 =
5P1 = 5C1 =
5P2 = 5C2 =
5P3 = 5C3 =
5P4 = 5C4 =
5P5 = 5C5 =
 Exercise: Now, complete the following relations:

n Cn= n C __ = n P __ = ____
n C1= n C __ = n P __ = ____
n Cr= n C __

n Pr= ( ) n C r and n Cr= ( )n P r

 ASSIGNMENT:
Detach/Answer all numbers in
Exercise 4 pp. 31-34 and Exercise 6 pp. 45-48
(NOTE: w/correction in No.9 p.33 How many
can one President, two Vice Presidents, one
Secretary and one Treasurer .
Also, No.12 p.47 Albert has six coins of
different denominations

Submit the detached exercises on December 13,

2011 then be ready for its BOARDWORK
discussion on January 5, 2012.
 THEORIES OF PROBABILITY

Definition:
The Probability of an Event, P(E)
refers to the degree of certainty or
successful occurrence of an event, E, for
any single action or any successive
actions.
(Express the probability value in percent or
fraction only.)
 THEORIES OF PROBABILITY
Marginal Probability Formula: For any single action,

P(E) = number of Expected successful outcomes .

total number of successful and failure outcomes

= sample points = n( E ) .
sample space n( SS)

NOTE: The unit of measurement in the denominator is the

same in the numerator.
 THEORIES OF PROBABILITY
1. P(E) = n(success) , P(E) is read The probability that
n(SS) event E will happen

2. P(E) = n(failure) , P(E) is read The probability that

n(SS) event E will not happen

3. P(E) + P(E) = n(success) + n(failure) = n(SS) = 1 or 100%

n(SS) n(SS) n(SS)

4. P(E) = 1 P(E) or 100% P(E) and

5. P(E) = 1 P(E) or 100% P(E)

 Sample Problems on PROBABILITY
1. If P(rain) = 6/30 or 20% then
P(no rain) = 1 P(rain) = 1 6/30 = 24/30 = 80%
2. In tossing a coin once, P(Head) = or 50% while
P(Tail) = or 50%
3. In tossing a coin 3 times, what is the probability of
a) getting one Head?
b) getting two Heads?
c) getting at least two Heads?
d) getting no Head?
e) getting all Tails?
 Sample Problems on PROBABILITY
4. In throwing a pair of dice, what is the probability of
getting
a) A total of three dots?
b) The same number of dots?
c) A total of ten dots?
d) A total of at least ten dots?
e) An even number of dots on one die and odd number
of dots on another die?
 Sample Problems on PROBABILITY
5. Problem No.3 p.61 Given:
P(China) = 0.70 ; P(Korea) = 0.40 ; P(C or K) = 0.80
Find: a) P(in both China and Korea) or P(C K)
Solution:
P(China or Korea) = P(C)+ P(K) P(C K)
So, P(C K) = P(C) + P(K) P(China or Korea)
P(in both China and Korea) = 0.70 + 0.40 0.80 = 30%

Find b) P(neither in China nor Korea)

Solution: P(C U K ) = 1 P(China or Korea) = 1 0.80
So, P(neither in China nor Korea) = 20%
 Sample Problems on PROBABILITY
6. Problem No.9 p.64 Given: n(SS) = 50 spare parts
n(Defective spare parts) = n(D)=7 So, P(D) = n(D)/n(SS) = 7 .
a) If two spare parts are picked without replacement, 50
find P(both spare parts are defective) = P(D1 and D2)
Solution: P(D1 and D2) = P(D1) P(D2/D1) MD law
P(D1 and D2) = 7 6 = 3 .
50 49 175
b) If two spare parts are picked with replacement,
find P(both spare parts are defective) = P(D1 and D2)
Solution: P(D1 and D2) = P(D1) P(D2) MI Law
P(D1 and D2) = 7 7 = 49 .
50 50 2500
 Sample Problems on PROBABILITY
6. Problem No.9 p.64 Given: n(SS) = 50 spare parts
n(Defective spare parts) = n(D)7 So, P(D) = n(D) / n(SS) = 7.
50
c) If two spare parts are picked at once,
find P(both spare parts are defective) = P(D1 and D2)

Solution: P(two Defective items) Combination Principle

P(two Defective items) = 7C2 = 21 = 3 .
50C2 1225 175
Hence, the probability of getting two defective spare parts,
picked at once is the same when picked without replacement.
 CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY
Recall MD Law. For Dependent Events
Formula: n(A and B) = n(A) n(B/A)
can be converted into a PROBABILITY formula:
P(A and B) = P(A) P(B/A)
Conditional probability applies for a single action, that
event B will occur on condition that / provided that /
given that event A already occurred;
 CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY
Formula:
P(B/A) = P(A and B)
P(A)
Hence, P(A/B) = P(A and B)
P(B)
while using other letters, P(S / M) = P(S and M)
P( )
 Examples: Conditional Probability
Example 1: The probability that a man will favor divorce is 60%
and the probability that his wife will favor divorce is 50%. If the
probability that both of them will favor divorce is 40%, then

a) What is the probability that the man will not favor divorce?
b) What is the probability that the wife will not favor divorce?
c) What is the probability that both of them will not favor divorce?
d) What is the probability that the wife will favor divorce given that
her husband does?
e) What is the probability that the man will favor divorce given
that his wife does?
 Examples: Conditional Probability
Example 2:
Gender vs
Employed Unemployed TOTAL
Emp. Status
Male 250 60 310

Female 150 40 190

TOTAL 400 100 500

Let F / M be an event that the Female / Male respondent was chosen
from a population of 500 respondents;
Let E / E be an event that the respondent was employed/unemployed
 Examples: Conditional Probability
Example 2:
a) What is the probability that a female employee was chosen?
(female and employed at the same time)
b) What is the probability that a female was chosen, on condition
that she was employed?
c) What is the probability that a male respondent was chosen,
given that he was unemployed?
d) If the chosen respondent was a male, what is the probability
that he was employed?
e) If the chosen respondent was unemployed, what is the
probability that a female was chosen?
Q.c)
Thank You