Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 18 views

    Leptospirosis Read

    Uploaded by

    Angeline Soeparto
    Leptospirosis is a zoonotic illness caused by Leptospira bacteria. It is a global disease that impacts both developed and developing countries. Incidence rates vary from 0.1-10 cases per 100,000 people annually but can exceed 50 per 100,000 during outbreaks. Leptospirosis is a serious problem in Indonesia, where serosurveys found high rates in potential animal reservoirs and human cases have increased since 2006. The disease is transmitted from infected animals to humans via contact with contaminated water or soil. Clinical manifestations range from anicteric to icteric forms with fever, myalgia, and renal or pulmonary involvement. Diagnosis involves serological tests or culture and

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Leptospirosis Read

    Uploaded by

    Angeline Soeparto
    18 views26 pages
    Leptospirosis is a zoonotic illness caused by Leptospira bacteria. It is a global disease that impacts both developed and developing countries. Incidence rates vary from 0.1-10 cases per 100,000 people annually but can exceed 50 per 100,000 during outbreaks. Leptospirosis is a serious problem in Indonesia, where serosurveys found high rates in potential animal reservoirs and human cases have increased since 2006. The disease is transmitted from infected animals to humans via contact with contaminated water or soil. Clinical manifestations range from anicteric to icteric forms with fever, myalgia, and renal or pulmonary involvement. Diagnosis involves serological tests or culture and

    Original Title

    Leptospirosis read.pptx

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Leptospirosis is a zoonotic illness caused by Leptospira bacteria. It is a global disease that impacts both developed and developing countries. Incidence rates vary from 0.1-10 cases per 100,000 people annually but can exceed 50 per 100,000 during outbreaks. Leptospirosis is a serious problem in Indonesia, where serosurveys found high rates in potential animal reservoirs and human cases have increased since 2006. The disease is transmitted from infected animals to humans via contact with contaminated water or soil. Clinical manifestations range from anicteric to icteric forms with fever, myalgia, and renal or pulmonary involvement. Diagnosis involves serological tests or culture and

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    18 views26 pages

    Leptospirosis Read

    Uploaded by

    Angeline Soeparto
    Leptospirosis is a zoonotic illness caused by Leptospira bacteria. It is a global disease that impacts both developed and developing countries. Incidence rates vary from 0.1-10 cases per 100,000 people annually but can exceed 50 per 100,000 during outbreaks. Leptospirosis is a serious problem in Indonesia, where serosurveys found high rates in potential animal reservoirs and human cases have increased since 2006. The disease is transmitted from infected animals to humans via contact with contaminated water or soil. Clinical manifestations range from anicteric to icteric forms with fever, myalgia, and renal or pulmonary involvement. Diagnosis involves serological tests or culture and

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 26

    Leptospirosis

    {
    Angeline Soeparto
    Fakultas Kedokteran
    UNIVERSITAS GADJAH MADA
    Leptospirosis is a zoonotic illness (spreading
    from animals) with a global disease burden
    impacting both developed and developing
    nations. It is caused by pathogenic spirochetes
    of the genus Leptospira.

    Introduction
    Leptospirosis is reported in a number of
    countries of the South-East Asia Region.
    India, Indonesia, Thailand and Sri Lanka
    during the rainy season.
    Incidences range from approximately 0.110
    per 100 000 per year globally. During outbreaks
    and in high-exposure risk groups, disease
    incidence may reach over 50 per 100 000.

    Incidence
    Leptospirosis probably poses a severe and strongly
    underestimated continuous health problem in Indonesia. In
    2001, 139 human serum samples were tested out of which
    18.7% were positive, predominantly presumptive serovar
    bataviae infections . In the wake of massive floodings in
    Indonesia in January 2002, a leptospirosis outbreak occurred,
    notably in Jakarta. Serosurvey carried out in animals during
    the flooding in 2002 showed that high seropositivity rates
    among potential domestic infection reservoirs such as cat,
    dog and cattle, and thus high infection risks. There is an
    increase in number of reported human cases since 2006.
    There were 667 reported human cases in 2007, 93% of which
    were laboratory confirmed. The case fatality rate was eight
    per cent
    Causal agent
    Pathogenic leptospires belong
    to the genus Leptospira (long
    corkscrew-shaped bacteria, too
    thin to be visible under the
    ordinary microscope); dark-
    field microscopy is required.
    There are over 250 pathogenic
    serovars. Serovars having
    antigenic similarities are
    formed into serogroups, and all
    serovars have been divided into
    25 serogroups. Different strains
    with small antigenic differences
    can sometimes be found within
    certain serovars.
    Transmision
    A zoonotic disease
    Human-to-human
    transmission does not occur
    Source transmission to
    human: rat, dog, cattle,pig
    Transmission:
    1. Indirect contact with
    contaminated animal urine
    through surface water, moist
    soil, other wet environment
    2. Direct contact with urine
    and other excreta (e.g.,
    product of parturition,
    placenta) of infected animal
    Risk Factor
    Pathophysiology
    Leptospirosis phases
    Clinical manifestation
    Anicteric leptospirosis
    Fever
    Myalgia
    Conjunctival Suffusion
    Headache
    Renal manifestations - Some form of renal involvement is invariable in
    leptospirosis. It usually occurs as asymptomatic urinary abnormality in the
    form of mild proteinuria with few casts & cells in the urine.
    Pulmonary manifestations - Manifested in most cases through cough & chest
    pain and in few cases by haemoptysis. Severe involvement leading to
    respiratory failure does not occur in anicteric leptospirosis.
    Hemorrhage
    Note: All the clinical features either decrease or disappear within two to three
    days and then they reappear.
    Differential diagnosis-The patients of anicteric leptospirosis are likely to be
    misdiagnosed as malaria, dengue hemorrhagic fever, viral hepatitis etc.
    Note: In endemic area all cases of fever with myalgia and conjunctival
    suffusion should be considered as suspected cases of leptospirosis.
    Icteric leptospirosis
    Faines criteria
    Diagnosis
    Hematology and urine analysis gives an
    indication if following changes are observed

    Total WBC count slightly elevated with neutrophilia.


    Increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (about 60 mm)
    Thrombocytopenia
    Increased BUN and serum creatinine
    Sodium potassium - normal or slightly reduced
    Urine analysis for proteinuria, hematuria and casts
    Increase in serum bilirubin (predominantly direct) levels.
    Alkaline phosphatase, SGOT and SGPT moderately elevated.
    Marked elevation in serum creatinine phosphokinase (CK)
    and MB variant.
    Malaria
    Dengue hemorrhagic fever
    Viral hepatitis

    Differential diagnosis
    Treatment
    Treatment of organ involvements
    The large number of serovars and of infection sources and the wide difference
    in transmission conditions make leptospirosis an unlikely candidate for
    national eradication. Preventive measures should be based on knowledge of
    those groups at higher risk of infection and of local epidemiological factors;
    they include:
    Identifying and controlling the source of infection (e.g. open sewers,

    contaminated wells).
    Control of feral reservoirs is often not feasible but control measures can be

    highly effective in small, defined animal populations (dogs, certified cattle


    herds) Selective rodent control may be important.
    Interrupting transmission, thereby preventing infection or disease in the

    human host: wearing protective clothes and equipment; disinfecting


    contaminated surfaces such as stable and abattoir floors; marking areas
    with increased risk exposure (warning signs).
    Preventing infection or disease in human hosts: antibiotic prophylaxis of

    exposed persons in areas of high exposures may be effective, e.g. soldiers


    (doxycyclin 200mg in one weekly dose); raising awareness of the disease
    and its of modes of transmission.

    Prevention
    THANK YOU
    {

    You might also like