Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 54 views

    Introduction To The Atmel Atmega32

    Uploaded by

    bharatvishnu
    The Atmel Atmega32 microcontroller contains a central processing unit (CPU) with an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and various on-chip memory types. It has 2KB of SRAM for temporary data, 1KB of EEPROM for persistent storage, and 32KB of flash memory to store program code organized into 16-bit words. The microcontroller uses general purpose registers and special purpose registers like the program counter to execute instructions. An assembler converts human-readable assembly instructions into machine-executable opcodes that are stored in flash memory and executed by the CPU.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Introduction To The Atmel Atmega32

    Uploaded by

    bharatvishnu
    54 views14 pages
    The Atmel Atmega32 microcontroller contains a central processing unit (CPU) with an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and various on-chip memory types. It has 2KB of SRAM for temporary data, 1KB of EEPROM for persistent storage, and 32KB of flash memory to store program code organized into 16-bit words. The microcontroller uses general purpose registers and special purpose registers like the program counter to execute instructions. An assembler converts human-readable assembly instructions into machine-executable opcodes that are stored in flash memory and executed by the CPU.

    Original Title

    AVR1

    Copyright

    © Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)

    Available Formats

    PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    The Atmel Atmega32 microcontroller contains a central processing unit (CPU) with an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and various on-chip memory types. It has 2KB of SRAM for temporary data, 1KB of EEPROM for persistent storage, and 32KB of flash memory to store program code organized into 16-bit words. The microcontroller uses general purpose registers and special purpose registers like the program counter to execute instructions. An assembler converts human-readable assembly instructions into machine-executable opcodes that are stored in flash memory and executed by the CPU.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    54 views14 pages

    Introduction To The Atmel Atmega32

    Uploaded by

    bharatvishnu
    The Atmel Atmega32 microcontroller contains a central processing unit (CPU) with an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and various on-chip memory types. It has 2KB of SRAM for temporary data, 1KB of EEPROM for persistent storage, and 32KB of flash memory to store program code organized into 16-bit words. The microcontroller uses general purpose registers and special purpose registers like the program counter to execute instructions. An assembler converts human-readable assembly instructions into machine-executable opcodes that are stored in flash memory and executed by the CPU.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 14

    Introduction to the Atmel

    Atmega32

    1
    Inside an IC package

    CS-280 2
    Dr. Mark L. Hornick
    Inside an IC package

    CS-280 3
    Dr. Mark L. Hornick
    Atmel Atmega32
     Central Processing Unit
     Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
    performs the actual arithmetic,
    logical, and bit-functions
     Memory – SRAM, EEPROM,
    Flash
     Clock circuit – internal/external
     I/O – Input/Output; video, serial,
    parallel, USB, SCSI, etc.

    4
    Programs are
    stored here

    Temporary
    data is stored
    here

    Permanent
    data is stored
    here
    5
    3 Separate on-chip memories
    1. 2KB SRAM
     For temporary data storage
     Memory is lost when power is shut off (volatile)
     Fast read and write

    2. 1KB EEPROM
     For persistent data storage
     Memory contents are retained when power is off (non-volatile)
     Fast read; slow write
     Can write individual bytes

    3. 32KB Flash Program Memory


     Used to store program code
     Memory contents retained when power is off (non-volatile)
     Fast to read; slow to write
     Can only write entire “blocks” of memory at a time
     organized in 16-bit words (16KWords)

    6
    Flash Program Memory layout
    Reset and interrupt vector section  There are 32KB of program
    42 words (84 bytes)
    $002A
    memory (Flash memory)
     Organized as 16K 2-byte words
     Because program instructions are
    either 2 or 4 bytes long

     Each word (not byte) in memory


    has a unique address
     Beginning address $0000
     Ending address $3FFF

     Some memory is reserved or


    $3C00 protected
     First 42 words (reserved)
    1024 words (2048 bytes)
     Last 1024 words (protected)

    7
    Registers are special-purpose memory
     There are relatively few
    registers
     Directly accessed by the
    CPU/ALU (very fast R/W)
     Registers are used to
    contain:
     address of the next
    instruction to fetch from
    program memory
     machine instruction to be
    executed
     “input” data to be operated
    upon by the ALU
     “output” data resulting from
    an ALU operation
    8
    General Purpose Registers
     There are 32 8-bit GP registers
    R0-R31
     Used as accumulators – for most
    math and logic

     X, Y, Z are 16-bit registers that


    overlap R26-R31
     Used as address pointers
     Or to contain larger values (>255)

    9
    Special-purpose Registers

     Stack pointer (SP, 16-bit)


     Stores return address of subroutine/interrupt calls
     Storing temporary data
    and local variables

     Program counter (PC, 16-bit)


     Holds address of next program instruction to be executed
     Automatically incremented when the ALU executes an
    instruction

     Status Register (SREG, 8-bit)


     Contains information of result of most recent ALU operation

     …and many more


    10
    An Assembler converts human-readable
    instructions into machine-executable opcodes
    that are stored in Program Memory

    Consider the assembly language instruction


    add rD, rS
     add is a reserved assembly language instruction
    mnemonic
     rS and rD are operands that refer to source and
    destination registers
     This instruction adds the contents of register rS to register
    rD
     Example: Substitute any actual register (R0-R31) for rS and
    rD:
    add r20, r5
     case is not important; the instruction can also be written as
    ADD R20, R5

    11
    Let’s consider the case of how one
    particular instruction is represented as
    a machine-executable instruction
    Example: ADD R20, R5
     A 16-bit machine instruction is generated for this particular case
     Machine instructions consist of an numeric opcode and operands
     The opcode in this case is 000011 (3)
     Each register operand is represented by 5 bits
     5 bits are required to represent all possible register values from 0-31
     ddddd represent the 5 bits that represent the destination register value (20)
     rrrrr represent the 5 bits that represent the source register value (5)

    0000 11rd dddd rrrr

    add r20, r5 is assembled to: Note: The bits ddddd


    and rrrrr are “split” in
    0000 1101 0100 0101 this instruction

    This 16-bit binary word is expressed in hexadecimal as 0x0d45


    12
    The machine-instruction is executed
    by the central processing unit
     The instruction indicated by the
    Program Counter is fetched from
    program memory and placed in
    the Instruction Register
     The opcode and operands within
    the instruction are extracted by the
    Instruction Decoder
     The control lines from the I.D.
    activate the particular circuitry
    within the ALU that is capable of
    processing that particular opcode

    13
    Instruction execution sequence

    14

    You might also like