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    Polymer Engineering

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    Megaraj Reddy
    Crystallinity in polymers refers to the degree to which polymer chains are arranged in an ordered structure rather than an amorphous random coil configuration, with fully crystalline polymers being very rare. Factors that influence crystallization in polymers include the solvent used, nucleation sites, mechanical disturbances during formation, and the rate of crystallization. While amorphous polymers lack an organized structure, crystalline polymers have definite geometries due to the orderly arrangement of atoms or molecules in the polymer chains.

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    Polymer Engineering

    Uploaded by

    Megaraj Reddy
    66 views16 pages
    Crystallinity in polymers refers to the degree to which polymer chains are arranged in an ordered structure rather than an amorphous random coil configuration, with fully crystalline polymers being very rare. Factors that influence crystallization in polymers include the solvent used, nucleation sites, mechanical disturbances during formation, and the rate of crystallization. While amorphous polymers lack an organized structure, crystalline polymers have definite geometries due to the orderly arrangement of atoms or molecules in the polymer chains.

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    Crystallinity in polymers refers to the degree to which polymer chains are arranged in an ordered structure rather than an amorphous random coil configuration, with fully crystalline polymers being very rare. Factors that influence crystallization in polymers include the solvent used, nucleation sites, mechanical disturbances during formation, and the rate of crystallization. While amorphous polymers lack an organized structure, crystalline polymers have definite geometries due to the orderly arrangement of atoms or molecules in the polymer chains.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    66 views16 pages

    Polymer Engineering

    Uploaded by

    Megaraj Reddy
    Crystallinity in polymers refers to the degree to which polymer chains are arranged in an ordered structure rather than an amorphous random coil configuration, with fully crystalline polymers being very rare. Factors that influence crystallization in polymers include the solvent used, nucleation sites, mechanical disturbances during formation, and the rate of crystallization. While amorphous polymers lack an organized structure, crystalline polymers have definite geometries due to the orderly arrangement of atoms or molecules in the polymer chains.

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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 16

    Crystallinity in Polymers

    Not all polymer can form crystal

    For those that can, the degree of


    crystallinity is always less than 100%

    Amorphous Solids: Amorphous Retrieved from


    https://www.google.com.my/search?q=amorphous+and+cry
    stalline+structures&safe=off&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X
    solids do not have an ordered &ved=0ahUKEwjz0M37psXWAhUInRQKHbgcDO4Q_AUICigB
    &biw=1366&bih=647#imgrc=HVNdAAGYm__bNM: on 24th
    structure; September 2017

    Crystalline Solids: Crystalline solids


    have definite and regular geometry
    due to the orderly arrangement of
    atoms or ions.
    Crystalline Polymer Structure

    (a) long molecules


    forming crystals randomly
    mixed in with the
    amorphous material

    (b) folded chain lamella,


    the typical form of a
    Retrieved from http://pslc.ws/macrog/crystal.htm : on 24th September
    2017 crystallized region
    Crystallinity and Properties

    As crystallinity is increased in a polymer

    Density increases
    Stiffness, strength, and toughness increases
    Heat resistance increases
    If the polymer is transparent in the amorphous
    state, it becomes opaque when partially
    crystallized
    Low Density & High Density
    Polyethylene
    Observations About
    Crystallization

    Linear polymers consist of long molecules with


    thousands of repeated monomers
    Crystallization involves folding back and forth of
    the long chains upon themselves
    The crystallized regions are called crystallites
    Crystallites take the form of lamellae randomly
    mixed in with amorphous material
    A crystallized polymer is a two-phase system
    Crystallites interspersed in an amorphous matrix
    Factors for Crystallization

    Solvent
    moderate solubility is the best
    supersaturation leads to sudden precipitation and smaller
    crystal size
    Factors for Crystallization

    Nucleation fewer nucleation sites are better.


    Too many nucleation sites lower the average
    crystal size.
    Source of formation of crystal
    Factors for Crystallization

    Mechanics- mechanical disturbance are bad


    nucleation is severely affected by the
    mechanical disturbance.
    A lot nucleation sites, not good for
    crystallization.
    Factors for Crystallization
    Time- faster crystallization is not good as slow
    crystallization.
    Faster crystallization yield poor quality of
    crystal because it traps other solute/solvent
    inside the lattice crystal structure.
    Thermal Behavior of Polymers

    Specific
    volume
    (density)-1 as
    a function of
    temperature

    Retrieved from
    https://www.google.com.my/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images
    &cd=&ved=0ahUKEwjA9MrWysXWAhVGrxoKHUvOC14QjRwIBw&url=htt
    ps%3A%2F%2Fwww.slideshare.net%2Fklivsie%2Fch08-
    9297609&psig=AFQjCNELtdLTlyeianyjUFSMEhnHHLxs4g&ust=15066091
    40568129 : on 24th September 2017
    Additives

    Properties of a polymer can often be


    beneficially changed by combining it with
    additives
    Additives either alter the molecular structure or
    Add a second phase, in effect transforming the
    polymer into a composite material
    Types of Additives by Function

    Fillers strengthen polymer or reduce cost


    Plasticizers soften polymer and improve flow
    Colorants pigments or dyes
    Lubricants reduce friction and improve flow
    Flame retardents reduce flammability of polymer
    Cross-linking agents for thermosets and elastomers
    Ultraviolet light absorbers reduce degradation from sunlight
    Antioxidants reduce oxidation damage
    Thermoplastic Polymers (TP)
    Thermosoftening plastic, is a polymer, that
    becomes moldable above a specific
    temperature and solidifies upon cooling.
    Reason: TP polymers consist of linear and/or
    branched macromolecules that do not cross-link
    upon heating
    Thermosets and elastomers change chemically when heated,
    which cross-links their molecules and permanently sets these
    polymers
    Retrieved from
    https://www.google.com.my/search?q=Thermos
    ets++Polymers&safe=off&source=lnms&tbm=isch
    &sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj2zPKz0sXWAhVHiRoKHcm
    zCFwQ_AUICigB&biw=1366&bih=647#imgrc=FXA
    p_6syTN7aYM: on 24th September 2017
    Mechanical Properties of
    Thermoplastics
    Low modulus of elasticity (stiffness)
    E is much lower than metals and ceramics
    Low tensile strength
    TS is about 10% of metal
    Much lower hardness than metals or ceramics
    Greater ductility on average
    Tremendous range of values, from 1% elongation
    for polystyrene to 500% or more for
    polypropylene
    Physical Properties
    of Thermoplastics
    Lower densities than metals or ceramics
    Typical specific gravity for polymers are 1.2 (compared
    to ceramics (~ 2.5) and metals (~ 7)
    Much higher coefficient of thermal expansion
    Roughly five times the value for metals and 10 times the
    value for ceramics
    Much lower melting temperatures
    Insulating electrical properties
    Higher specific heats than metals and
    ceramics
    Thermoplastic Application

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