Excavation,WorkatheightandScaffolding

B.Tech
Manohar
Presentedby:
Excavationistheprocessofmovingearth,rockorothermaterialswith
tools,equipmentorexplosives.
Itincludesearthwork,trenching,wallshafts,tunnelingand
underground.
Excavationhasanumberofimportantapplicationsincluding
exploration,environmentalrestoration,miningandconstruction.
PROCESSINVOLVEDIN
EXCAVATION
Siteclearance:Beforetheexcavation,siteshall
beclearedofvegetation,brushwood,stumpsof
treesetc.Undergroundservicelinesuchas
telephoneline,watersupplyline,pipelines,
sewersetc.shouldbechecked.
Dewatering:Constructionoffoundationbelow
thesubsoilwaterlevelposesproblemsofwater
logging.Itisthereforeveryoftennecessaryto
dewaterthearea.
SheetPiling:Sheetpilesaresectionsofsheetmaterialswith
interlockingedgesthataredrivenintothegroundtoprovide
earthretentionandexcavationsupport.Sheetpilesaremost
commonlymadeofsteel,butcanalsobeformed
oftimberorreinforcedconcrete.

Sheetpilesarecommonlyusedforretainingwalls,land
reclamation,undergroundstructuressuchascarparks
andbasements,inmarinelocationsforriverbankprotection,
seawalls,cofferdams,andsoon.

Theselectionofsheetpilingisdependentonfactorssuchas:
Thetypeofwork,forexample.whetheritispermanentor
temporary.
Siteconditions.
Therequireddepthofpiles.
Thebendingmomentsinvolved.
Thenatureofthestructure.
Thetypeofprotectionrequired.
SHEETPILING
STRUTTING
Astrutisastructuralcomponentdesignedto
resistlongitudinalcompression.Strutsprovide
outwardsfacingsupportintheirlengthwise
direction,whichcanbeusedtokeeptwoother
componentsseparate,performingtheopposite
functionofatie.Theyarecommonlyused
inarchitectureandengineering
STRUTTING
WorkatHeight
RISKINVOLVED
Thereareseveralriskinvolvedwithworkingat
height:
MinorInjuryexample:cuts

Majorinjuryexample:cracks,fracture

Fatalinjuryexample:coma,Death
CAUSES
Thefollowinghumanerror
Lackofawarenessandknowledge

Avoidingsafetymeasures

Carelessness

Lackofsupervision
WAYSTOPREVENTINJURIES
Waystopreventinjuriesandimprovesafety
include:
Managementsafety

Integratesafetyasapartofthejob

Createaccountabilityatalllevels

Takesafetyintoaccountduringtheproject
planningprocess
Makesurethecontractorsareprequalifiedfor
safety
OSHArequiresemployersto:
Provide working conditions that are free of
knowndangers.
Keepfloorsinworkareasinacleanand,sofaras
possible,adrycondition.
Select and provide required personal protective
equipmentatnocosttoworkers.
Train workers about job hazards in a language
thattheycanunderstand
 Scaffold is a
temporary structure
consisting of
standards, putlogs,
ledgers, generally of
bamboo, timber or
metal to provide a
working platform for
workmen and
materials in the
courseofconstruction,
maintenance, repairs
anddemolition.
 Partsofscaffolding

1. StandardorUprightAverticalornearverticalmemberusedinthe
constructionofscaffoldfortransmittingtheloadtothefoundation.
2. LedgerAhorizontalmemberwhichtiesthestandardatrightanglesand
whichmaysupportputlogsandtransoms.
3. Putlog/BoarerAscaffoldmemberspanningfromledgertoledgeror
fromledger/standardtoabuildinganduponwhichtheplatformrests.
4. TransomAmemberspanningacrossledgers/standardstotieascaffold
transverselyandwhichmayalsosupportaworkingplatform.
5. BraceAmemberfixeddiagonallyacrosstwoormoremembersina
scaffoldtoaffordstability.
6. BracingBracingisasystemofbracesortiesthatpreventdistortionofa
scaffold.
7. GuardRailAhorizontalrailsecuredtouprightsanderectedalongthe
exposededgesofscaffoldstopreventworkmenfromfalling.
8. ToeBoardAbarrierplacedalongtheedgeofthescaffoldplatformand
securedtheretoguardagainstthefallingofmaterialandequipment.
 TypesofScaffolding

`
Singlescaffolding
 Singlescaffolding

Single scaffolding is
generally used for brick
masonry and is also called
asbricklayersscaffolding.
Single scaffolding consists
of standards, ledgers,
putlogs etc., which is
parallel to the wall at a
distanceofabout1.2m.
Distance between the
standards is about 2 to 2.5
m.
Double Scaffolding is generally
used for stone masonry so, it is
alsocalledasmasonsscaffolding.
Instonewalls,itishardtomake
holes in the wall to support
putlogs. So, two rows of
scaffoldingisconstructedtomake
itstrong.Thefirstrowis2030
cm away from the wall and the
other one is 1m away from the
firstrow.Thenputlogsareplaced
which are supported by the both
frames.
 CantileverScaffolding

Thisatypeofscaffoldinginwhich
the standards are supported on
seriesofneedlesandtheseneedles
aretakenoutthroughholesinthe
wall. This is called single frame
type scaffolding. In the other type
needles are strutted inside the
floors through the openings and
this is called independent or
double frame type scaffolding.
Care should be taken while
construction of cantilever
scaffolding.

Generallycantileverscaffoldingsareusedunder
conditionssuchas
Whenthegrounddoesnothavingthecapacitytosupport
standards,
WhentheGroundnearthewallistobefreefromtraffic,
Whenupperpartofthewallisunderconstruction.
 Suspended

Insuspendedscaffolding,the
workingplatformissuspended
fromroofswiththehelpof
wireropesorchainsetc.,itcan
beraisedorloweredtoour
requiredlevel.Thistypeof
scaffoldingisusedforrepair
works,pointing,paintingsetc..
InTrestlescaffolding,theworking
platformissupportedonmovable
tripodsorladders.Thisisgenerally
usedforworkinsidetheroom,such
aspaintings,repairsetc.,uptoa
heightof5m.
A safe and convenient means of
access should be provided to all
platformlevelofscaffolds.
Meansofaccessmayconsistof:
a) ladder,
b) ramp,and
c) stairway.
PROTECTIONFROMFALLINGBODIES
To protect workers on lower platform against falling
objects from higher levels, overhead protection should be
providedonthescaffold.Thisprotectionshouldbenotmorethan
3 m above the platform/floor and should be planking or other
suitablematerial.
ProtectionUnderScaffoldsWherepersonsarerequiredto
work or pass underneath ( for example, building entrances or
pathways,) a scaffold upon which men are working, a screen or
canopyshallbeprovidedfortheirprotectionfromfallingobjects.
Such screen should extend to a distance at least one metre
beyond the edge of the scaffold above the passage to catch any
material which may fall. For ordinary conditions a net with a
meshsizeof25mmissatisfactory.
Protection of Supervisory/Inspecting Officials
Supervisory staff, inspecting officials or such persons who have
togotothevicinityofthescaffoldingshouldwearsafetyhelmets
withinazoneofatleast10mtobeprotectedfromfallingobjects
escapingsuchscreenorcanopy
 PRECAUTIONSAGAINSTPARTICULARHAZARDS
ElectricalHazards
Care shall be taken to see that no uninsulated electric wire exists
within3m.oftheworkingplatform,gangways,runs,etc,ofihescaffold.
While carrying bjrs, rods or pipes of any kind conducting material of
1eng.h greater than 3 m, in the vicinity of electric wires, special care
shallbetakenthatthesedonottouchtheelectricwires.
FireHazardsCareshallbetakenagainstanypossibilityoftimber
scaffoldscatchingfire.
MechanicalandTrafficHazards
Care shall be taken to see that no part of a scaffold is struck by a
truck or ether heavy moving equipment and no material shall be
dumpedagainstit.
Scaffolds on thorough fares shall be provided with warning lights, if
generallightingisnotsufficienttomakeitclearlyvisible.
Accesstofirealarms,cabletunnels,hydrants,etc,shallremainfreeat
alltimes.Careshouldbetakenforundergroundcablesandequipment
when parts of scaffolds or other fasteners have to be driven in the
ground.
Scaffolds or other rigging involving human safety, should be tested
withaloadatleastthreetimesthatwhichitwillcarryinservice.
ThankYou