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    Hydrogen Sulfide in The Oilfield

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    Michael Medina
    Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a colorless, flammable, and extremely toxic gas that occurs naturally during the breakdown of organic matter in anaerobic environments like oilfields. It is known for its rotten egg smell and can cause health effects ranging from irritation to death depending on the concentration. Industry organizations like the American Petroleum Institute and Bureau of Land Management have established guidelines for monitoring, training, emergency response planning and public notification when H2S may be present to protect worker and public safety.

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    Hydrogen Sulfide in The Oilfield

    Uploaded by

    Michael Medina
    224 views29 pages
    Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a colorless, flammable, and extremely toxic gas that occurs naturally during the breakdown of organic matter in anaerobic environments like oilfields. It is known for its rotten egg smell and can cause health effects ranging from irritation to death depending on the concentration. Industry organizations like the American Petroleum Institute and Bureau of Land Management have established guidelines for monitoring, training, emergency response planning and public notification when H2S may be present to protect worker and public safety.

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    Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a colorless, flammable, and extremely toxic gas that occurs naturally during the breakdown of organic matter in anaerobic environments like oilfields. It is known for its rotten egg smell and can cause health effects ranging from irritation to death depending on the concentration. Industry organizations like the American Petroleum Institute and Bureau of Land Management have established guidelines for monitoring, training, emergency response planning and public notification when H2S may be present to protect worker and public safety.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    224 views29 pages

    Hydrogen Sulfide in The Oilfield

    Uploaded by

    Michael Medina
    Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a colorless, flammable, and extremely toxic gas that occurs naturally during the breakdown of organic matter in anaerobic environments like oilfields. It is known for its rotten egg smell and can cause health effects ranging from irritation to death depending on the concentration. Industry organizations like the American Petroleum Institute and Bureau of Land Management have established guidelines for monitoring, training, emergency response planning and public notification when H2S may be present to protect worker and public safety.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 29

    HYDROGEN SULFIDE

    In the Oilfield
    OVERVIEW
    General H2S
    Information
    API Guidance
    BLM Onshore Order
    #6
    Other Regulations
    DOT
    EPA
    WHAT IS H2S
    Colorless gas
    Flammable

    Heavier than air

    Extremely toxic

    Rotten egg smell

    Deadens sense of
    smell
    WHY DOES H2S OCCUR
    Biological breakdown of organic matter in
    an anaerobic environment
    HEALTH EFFECTS
    Low concentrations (<10ppm)
    irritation of eyes, nose, throat and
    respiratory system
    Moderate concentrations
    (10<x>30ppm) headache,
    dizziness, nausea, coughing,
    vomiting and difficulty breathing
    High concentrations (>30ppm)
    shock, convulsions, coma, death
    EXPOSURE LIMITS
    ACGIH TLV (8hr)= 10 ppm
    OSHA ceiling (15 min)= 20 ppm

    OSHA peak (instantaneous) = 50


    ppm
    IDLH = 100 ppm

    ATSDR MRL = 0.07 ppm (acute),


    0.03 ppm (intermediate)
    OTHER PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    Explosive
    Reacts with water to form Sulfuric Acid

    Tears
    Lungs
    Reacts with iron/steel to form Iron Sulfide
    (extremely flammable)
    Iron sponge
    Burns to form Sulfur Dioxide (toxic gas)
    May lead to metal fatigue
    H2S PRODUCTION
    AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE
    Recommended Practice 49 -Recommended Practice
    for Drilling and Well Servicing operations Involving
    Hydrogen Sulfide
    Applies to well drilling, completion, servicing, workover,
    downhole maintenance and plug & abandonment
    procedures.
    Establishes location classifications
    Addresses personnel training, monitoring equipment,
    personal protective equipment, contingency planning and
    emergency procedures.
    Also establishes Sulfur Dioxide requirements
    LOCATION CLASSIFICATIONS
    No Hazard Area
    Condition 1 Area low hazard
    <10 ppm
    Condition 2 Area medium hazard
    >10ppm, <30 ppm
    Condition 3 Area high hazard
    >30 ppm
    WARNING SYSTEMS
    Condition 1 Area
    warning sign with green
    flag or light
    Condition 2 Area - warning
    sign with yellow flag or
    light; visual and audio
    alarms
    Condition 3 Area warning
    sign with red flag or light;
    visual and audio alarms
    MONITORING
    Equipment
    Manufacturer certified for H2S and SO2
    Accurate in a range from well below to well
    above action levels (H2S = 10 ppm, SO2 = 2 ppm)
    Mixture of fixed and portable monitors as needed
    to protect workers
    MONITORING EQUIPMENT
    Used during all activities where a potential of H2S
    and SO2 to exceed action levels exists.
    Located in the following areas:
    Bell nipple
    Mud return line or shale shaker
    Pipe-trip tank
    Drillers station
    Living quarters
    Other areas of potential accumulation
    Calibrated and functionally tested per manufacturer
    WARNING SYSTEM ACTIVATION
    Typical 2 level alarm
    10 ppm
    20 to 300 ppm
    TRAINING
    All personnel working in an area with potential of
    H2S and SO2 to exceed action levels exists.
    Minimum topics;
    Hazards, characteristics and exposure symptoms
    Sources
    Detection equipment, warning signs and wind direction
    awareness
    Workplace procedures, location of safety equipment and
    location of safe breathing areas
    PPE
    Emergency response
    CONTINGENCY PLAN
    May be required by certain federal, state or local
    agencies.
    Must contain:
    Facility specific description and maps
    Monitoring equipment locations
    Safety equipment locations
    Safe breathing area locations
    Evacuation routes
    Training and drill requirements
    Emergency response procedures
    BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT

    Onshore Oil and Gas Order No. 6, Hydrogen


    Sulfide Operations
    APPLICABILITY
    All onshore Federal and Indian oil and gas
    leases.
    Drilling, completing, testing, reworking,
    producing, injecting, gathering, storing, or
    treating operations.
    Involving zones which are known or could
    reasonably be expected to contain H2S
    present in concentrations equal to or greater
    than 100 ppm.
    REQUIREMENTS
    Written H2S Drilling Operations Plan
    submitted with APD
    Written Public Protection Plan submitted
    with APD, notification of production or when
    radius of exposure criteria are met
    Training Program available for review upon
    request
    All plans and programs available at site
    REQUIREMENTS
    H2S Drilling Operations Plan
    Site diagrams showing all safety equipment,
    topography, exit roads, briefing (safe breathing)
    areas, flare lines and pits
    Appropriate well control equipment, personal
    protective equipment, H2S monitoring
    equipment, visual and audio warning system,
    appropriate mud system, appropriate
    metallurgical plan and means of communication
    from wellsite
    REQUIREMENTS

    Public Protection Plan


    Drilling or production site where:
    The 100 ppm radius of exposure is greater
    than 50 feet and includes any occupied
    residence, scholl, church, park, school bus
    stop, place of business or other are where the
    public could be reasonably expected to
    frequent
    REQUIREMENTS

    Public Protection Plan


    Drilling or production site where:
    The 500 ppm radius of exposure is greater
    than 50 feet and includes any part of a
    federal, state, county or municipal road
    maintained for public use
    REQUIREMENTS

    Public Protection Plan


    Drilling or production site where:
    The 100 ppm radius of exposure is equal to
    or greater than 3,000 feet and includes any
    facility or part of a federal, state, county or
    municipal road maintained for public use.
    RADIUS OF EXPOSURE
    Pasquill-Gifford derrived equation:
    X = [1.589)(H2S concentration)(Q)]0.6258

    X = radius of exposure
    H2S concentration = decimal equivalent of the
    volume fraction of H2S in the gas stream
    Q = maximum volume of gas determined to be
    available for escape in cubic feet per day
    ESCAPE RATE (Q)
    Gas production facility = maximum daily
    absolute open flow gas production rate
    Oil production facility = (gas/oil ratio of
    production) (maximum daily production
    rate)
    Exploration well = use the above from
    producing wells from the target interval in
    the area
    PUBLIC PROTECTION PLAN

    Must include:
    responsibilities of key personnel and institutions
    for alerting the public and requesting assistance;
    list of telephone numbers and names of
    response agencies or contractors, residents,
    those responsible for occupants of public
    buildings and those responsible for safety of
    public roadways;
    a plat of the 100 ppm and 500 ppm radius of
    exposure showing all private and public buildings
    and roads;
    emergency response measures
    PUBLIC PROTECTION PLAN

    May be required to
    include: public
    education seminars,
    mass alert systems
    (including
    telephone,
    commercial radio or
    television), and
    public input
    allowances
    OTHER REGULATIONS
    OSHA
    Process Safety Management
    DOT
    Pipeline Safety Requirements
    EPA
    Risk Management Plan requirements
    SARA Title 3 requirements
    STATE SPECIFIC

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