CHE 531 PROCESS DESIGN II

Course Content
Learning Outcomes
Method of Instruction
List of Books
List of Chemical Engineering Journals
List of Chemical/Process Design Softwares
Class Grouping for Process Design
 Course Content
Scope of Design Project
Sources of Design Data
Equipment Design and Specification
Mechanical Design of Process Vessels and piping
Site Location and Layout
Process Services
Environmental Consideration
Design Report
Elements of Modular Simulation
Use of Computer Software in Design of Process
Plants(Hysys, ChemCAD, Pro II, Prosim etc)
 Learning Outcomes
Scope a design project
Collect and collate design data
Design and Specify any process equipment
Work effectively in a design team
Establish passion for the use of computer
software in the design of a chemical plant
Familiarity with Hysys and other computer
softwares
 Method of Instruction
Lectures
Class Exercises
Home Assignments
Assessments
Video Presentation
Industrial Visits
Invited Guest Speakers
 Class Discussion
Students Expectations
How to realise these expectations
Appointment of Class Industrial liaison officer
Listing of Potential Industries to visit
 List of Books
R.H. Perry and D.W. Green (Editors), The Chemical
Engineers Handbook, McGraw Hill Book
Company, 7th Edition, (1997)
M.S. Peters and K.D. Timmerhaus, Plant Design
and Economics for Chemical Engineers, McGraw
Hill Book Company, 5th Edition, (2003)
D.M. Himmelbau, Basic Principles and
Calculations in Chemical Engineering, Prentice-
Hall International, 6th Edition, (1999)
J.M. Coulson and J. F. Richardson, Chemical
Engineering, Volume 6, Pergamon Press, ( 1999 )
 List of Books Cont.
B.D. Smith, Design of Equilibrium Stage
Processes, McGraw Hill Book Company, 4th
Edition, (1984)
R.K. Sinnott, An Introduction to Chemical
Engineering Design, Pergamon Press, Oxford, UK,
(1983)
W. D. Baasel, Preliminary Chemical Engineering
Plant Design, Elsevier Publishing Company Inc.,
NY, (1976)
H.Z. Kister, Distillation Design, McGraw Hill Book
Company, (1992)
 List of Chemical Engineering Journals
American Institute of Chemical Engineers Journal
Nigerian Society of Chemical Engineers Journal
Chemical Engineering
The Chemical Engineer
Chemical Engineering Progress
Chemical Engineering Science
Industrial and Engineering Chemistry: Process
Design and Development
 List of Chemical Engineering Journals
Cont.
Industrial and Engineering Chemistry:
Fundamentals
Hydrocarbon Processing
Chemical and Engineering News
Oil and Gas Journal
Journal of Physical Chemistry
Computer and Chemical Engineering
Chemical Engineering Education
Chemical and Processing Engineering
List of Chemical Engineering Softwares
Hysys
ChemCAD
Pro II
Prosim
Design 2000
Aspen Plus
EnviroPro
 Design Scope
Definitions
Parts of Project Design Scope
Emphasis on safety during the design stage
Scoping a chemical Engineering Project
Assignment ONE
 Definition of Scope
A clear definition of the project is the first
stage of plant design.
A clear definition of the project makes
preliminary process design easy, which in turn
provides a reasonably accurate cost estimates.
 Items that must be included in the
Scope
The product (s)
Quantity of each product
Quality of each product
Storage requirements for each product
Raw material for each product
Quality of raw material
Storage requirement for the raw materials
By products
Process to be used, including yields and
conversion
 Items of Design Scope Cont.
Waste disposal requirements
Utilities requirements
What provision should be made for future
expansion
Location of the plant
Operating hours per year
Completion date
Shipping requirements
Laboratory requirements
Special Safety consideration
 Product(s)
Size of container
Size of expected orders
How much material must be sold (predicted by
marketing expert)
Technical and economic questions
Board of Directors make final decision on size of plant
Plant can be large, small, multipurpose
Containers (steel drums, filler drums, Polyethylene
drum/bags, boxes, car bays, pails, cans)
 Quality
Number and types of processing steps
determine purity of products
Use very expensive raw material when small
quantity is required
Purify raw material of low quality when large
quantities are processed
Set product specification at the time of
deciding the capacity
 Raw Material Storage
Ensure plant never shuts down becoase of
lack of raw material
Estimate maximum and minimum elapsed
time between placing of orders
Difference between the two determines how
much feed must be on hand when order is
placed.
Maximum amount sets the size of the storage
facilities
 Product Storage
Product storage must be large enough that it
does not impede production
Consider whether product has a steady
market or vary with season of the year
Waste Disposal, Utilities, shipping and
laboratory requirements
Which of these will be constructed?
Which services will be bought?
Which are already present?
Which will be expanded?
Omission of these items can cause capital
costs to greatly exceed estimates.
 Plans for future Expansion
Provision for future expansion will reduce cost
of that expansion
Design some equipment with excess capacity
to facilitate future expansion
Put in extra capacity in continuous units
Plan layout that will easily allow addition of
batch units
 Hours of Operation
There are 8,760 hours in a year
For a small plant involving new technology,
allow 90 percent of total time (7900 hours)
For a large plant using well documented
processes, use 95 percent
Consider shift arrangements
In general design for 300 days in the year
 Completion Date
Completion date has effect on cost and
profitability
Prices change with time
However rushing can cause increase in
prices(You speed up equipment delivery and
do things in more expensive ways to save
time)
It takes two to three years after the scope is
written before the plant is ready for start up
 Safety
A major design consideration
Bury tanks, provide fire walls, separate parts of the plant
Provide a sprinkler system
Storage facilities should be at least 500m form processing
equipment
Record all dangerous aspects of chemicals and processes
Safety consideration will reduce the probability that some
safety features will be omitted
Such omission can cause injury to man, equipment and
environment
Prepare hazard sheets for all chemicals
 Class Exercise
Think of a process plant
Develop a design scope for the process plant
Draw up a hazard sheet for one of the
hazardous chemicals.
(20 minutes)
 Home Assignment
Get a recent copy of one of the national
dailies and find a scope of a project.
Write out the important sub-heads of the
scope.
Get a copy of the article stated below and
read and do a summary write up on it.
Glen Rosentrater, Preliminary and Final
Engineering Scope of Work, Chemical
Engineering Progress, vol.97, no.12, Dec. 2001
 Course Assignment one
Alkylbenzene sulphonate (ABS) can be prepared from
hydrocarbon intermediates in a refinery. Dodecene
(Propylene tetramer) is popularly used for the
alkylation of benzene to get Alkylbenzene with C12 for
the alkyl side chain. The alkylation step is followed by
sulphonation and neutralization.
(i) Carry out a literature survey to get the following:
- Different manufacturing schemes for ABS
- Process description for the production of sodium
dodecylbenzene sulphonate
(ii) Sketch the process flow diagram using computer
(iii) Write on safety consideration for the process
 Lecture Number 2
Design Information and Data
Sources of Information on Manufacturing
Processes
Sources of Physical/Chemical properties
Accuracy Required of Engineering data
Prediction of Physical Properties (density, heat
capacity, latent heat of vapourisation, vapour
pressures, diffusion coefficients, surface tension,
critical constants, enthalpy of reactions, enthalpy
of formation, phase equilibria data)
Design Data Book
 Sources of Information on
Manufacturing Processes
Information on manufacturing processes,
equipment parameters, materials of construction,
costs , physical and chemical properties of
process materials are needed in various stages of
process design (initial screening of possible
processes, plant start up and production)
For new processes, data and information must be
obtained from literature, or by experiments
(research laboratory, pilot plant studies) or
purchased from other companies.
 Information on Manufacturing
Processes
They can be obtained from general literature
They are useful during the initial stages of process
design
They are descriptive and may not be useful for detailed
design/evaluation.
They lack the detailed information on reaction kinetics,
process conditions, equipment parameters, and
physical properties.
They help to search for possible process route during
the drawing of process flowsheet.
Most information on manufacturing processes can be
obtained from the following:
 Information on Manufacturing
Processes
Kirk and Othmer (2001), Encyclopedia of
Chemical Processes
Mcketta (2001), Encyclopedia of Chemical
Processes and Design data, Marcel Dekker
Shreves Chemical Process Industries, (1998)
Edition updated by Austin G.T. and Basta, N.,
McGraw Hill
Ullman (2002), Encyclopedia of Industrial
Chemistry, 5th Edition, VCH, Germany
 Info. On Manuf. Processes Cont.
Books become outdated quickly and many of the
processes described in them may be obsolete.
Up to date description of processes in current use can
be found in technical journals, e.g. Hydrocarbon
Processing Petrochemical handbooks, patents.
Word Wide Web (WWW). Search for information on
the internet processes, equipment, products and
physical properties.
Many manufacturing and governments departments
maintain web sites (information on Health and
environmental effects of products)
 Internet Sources
Key words Chemical Engineering Information
www.hw.ac.uk/lib
www.che.ufl.edu/
www.ciw.uni-karlsruhe.de/chem-eng
Many of the important sources of engineering
information are subscription services
Knovel organisation: Provides on line access to most
standard reference books. Although subscriptive, it can
be accessed through many libraries including
professional engineering ihstitutions and some
universities
 Subscription
http://www.che.com
http://www.cepmagazine.org
http://www.aiche.org
http://www.ualberta.ca/cmeng
www.sciencedirect
http://www.blueskythinker.co.uk (genius-
Director of information), (Exploitation of Science,
technology, innovation and technology transfer)
General Sources of Physical Properties
International Critical Tables, now available as EBook. It
can be referenced on Internet through Knovel (2003)
Handbook on Chemical Engineering e.g. Perrys
Chemical Engineers Handbook, Handbook of Chemical
and Environmental Engineering calculations.
ESDU The Engineering Science Data Unit(www.
Ihsesdu.com). Set up to provide validated data for
engineering design. Developed under guidance and
approval of engineers from industry, universities and
research institutions. Includes equipment design data,
software and high quality physical data.
 Sources of Physical Properties Contd.
Results of Research work (Journal of Chemical
Engineering data, Engineering Information
and web based references owned by Elsevier
Information . www.ei.org
PP DS (Physical Property data Services) now
available from NEL (www.nel.uk)
DIPPR TM databases (Design Institute for
Physical Properties of AIChE)
www.aiche.org/dippr/projects.htm
 Prediction of Physical Properties
Use textbooks . Reid et al (1987), Poling et al
(2000)
Group contribution techniques for estimation
of physical properties of a compound based
on a knowledge of structural formula of the
compound
Carry out a project on the Estimation of
Physical Properties of Terpens using Group
Contribution technique.
 Estimation of Properties
Specific heat capacity, latent heat of vapourisation
Vapour Pressures, use the equation
B
InP A
T C
A, B, C are called Antoine Constants compiled by Ohe
(1976, 1989,1990)
Enthalpy of Reaction/Formation
Phase Equilibria Data
Diffusion Coefficients needed in the design of mass
transfer processes of gas absorption, liquid-liquid
extraction
 Take Home Assignment
Write a technical paper on any one of the
following:
Estimation of vapour pressures
Determination of liquid phase diffusion
coefficients
Thermal conductivity of solids/liquid/gases
Vapour-Liquid equilibria
Determination of heat of reaction for the
transesterification of Palm Kernel Oil (PKO)
 Course Assignment Two (To be carried
out in groups)
Develop a Design Data Book on the Following Projects:
Group A Sulphuric Acid from iron Pyrites
Group B - Nitric Acid
Group C Ammonia from natural gas
Group D Ethanol from Natural Gas
Group E Methanol from Natural Gas
Group F Urea from Natural Gas
Group G Pulp and Paper from Bamboo
Group H Animal Feed Concentrate from raw fish
Group I Liquid Soap from rubber seed oil
Group J Furfural from Agricultural wastes
Group K Sustitute Natural Gas from Coal
Submission date on or before 5th June 2010.
On line submission preferred:
Email [email protected]
 Development of Design Data Book
Product (uses, form, quality and quantity)
Reactants (nature, availability, impurities, specification)
Reactions (basic reactions, Thermodynamics, Equilibrium, catalyst, by
products)
Physical Properties of Reactants, Products and by products (s.g., electrical
cond., dielectric const., maximum inerts, freezing pt., density of vapour,
latent heat , heat capacity, maximum heating value etc.)
Chemical Properties of reactants, products and by products (oxidation
ability, reaction with chlorine, reaction with metals, reaction with non-
metals)
Environmental consideration (Hazards, Toxic effects, Government
regulations)
Flow sheet for various manufacturing schemes
Material and Energy Balances
 Lecture Number 3
Equipment Design and Specification
Classification of Processing Equipment
Design Equations
Codes and Standards
Equipment Specification Sheet
Classification of Processing Equipment
Unit process principles are used in the design of
major pieces of equipment. These equipment are
classified as follows:
I. Columns (distillation) separation. No of plates,
operating conditions, column diameter and
height, materials of construction, plate layout
etc.
II. Vessels size (dictated by hold up time),
materials of construction, parking/baffles to be
specified.
 Classification of Vessels Contd.
III. Reactors: Catalyst type and size, bed
diameter and thickness, heat exchange
facilities, recycle and regeneration
arrangement, materials of construction.
IV. Heat Exchangers/Furnaces: Duty, corrected
log mean temperature difference, percent
vapourised, pressure drop desired, materials
of construction.
Classification of Equipment Contd.
V. Pumps and Compressor: Specify types, power
requirement, pressure difference, gravities,
viscosities, working pressures, material of
construction.
VI. Instruments: Designate function and any
particular requirements
VII. Special Equipment: Specification for
mechanical separators, mixers, driers etc.
 Equipment Specification
Standard equipment should be selected. If equipment
is standard, manufacturer may have desire size in
stock. Manufacturer will quote a lower price and give
better guarantees than for special equipment.
A lot of valuable information can be obtained from
equipment manufacturers who specialise in particular
types of equipment.
Before contacting a manufacturer, the engineer
evaluates the design needs and prepare a preliminary
specification sheet for the equipment.
 Preliminary Specification Sheet
Used by engineers as basis for the preparation of
the final specification
It can be sent to a manufacturer with a request
for suggestion and fabrication information
It should show the following: Identification,
Function, Operation, Material Handled, Basic
Design data, Essential controls, Insulation
requirements, Allowable tolerances, Special
information and details of particular equipment
e.g. materials of construction, insulation,
necessary delivery date, supports, comments.
 Specification Sheet Contd.
Potential Manufacturer make suggestions before detailed
specification is prepared.
The final design include small changes that reduce first cost
with no decrease in the effectiveness of the equipment.
E.g. the tubes in standard heat exchangers are 8, 12, 16, or
20 feet long. These lengths are keep in stock by
manufacturers and maintenance departments. If a design
specification calls for 15 feet long, the manufacturer would
use 16 feet tubes cut off to the specified length. Thus an
increase from 15 to 16 feet for the specified length could
cause a reduction in the total cost of the unit. Labour cost
for cutting the standard length tube is eliminated.
Replacement of tubes after some service time would be
less for 16 feet tubes than for 15 feet tubes.
 Specification Sheet Contd.
The details of mechanical design, such as
thicknesses of shell, headers will be
considered later.
Location and sizes of outlets, supports and
other fabrication information can be
presented with the specification in the form of
comments or drawings.
 Specification Sheet for a Heat
Exchanger
Identification
Heat Exchanger
Item Condenser Date : 30/05/2010
Item No. H-5 By : Dr. S. E. OGBEIDE
No required 1
Function : Condense over head vapour from methanol fractionation column

Operation : Continuous

Type: Horizontal
Fixed Tube sheet
Expanding ring in shell
Duty 3,00,000 BTU/h outside area: 470 sq ft
Tube side Tubes: 1in. Dia. 14 BWG
Fluid Handled Cooling water 1.25 centimetre Pattern
Flow rate 380 gpm 225 tubes each 8ft long
Pressure 20 psig 2 passes
Temperature 15OC to 25OC Tube material Carbon Steel
Head material Carbon steel
Shell side Shell: 22 in dia. 1 pass
Fluid Handled: Methanol vapour Transverse baffles , Tube support required
Flow rate 7000 lb/h Longitudinal baffles 0 required
Pressure 0 psig Shell material Carbon Steel
Temperature 65OC to a constant temperature
Utilities : Untreated cooling water . Controls : cooling water rate controlled by vapour temperature in vent line. Insulation: 2 in rock cork or
equivalent weather proof. Tolerances: TEMA Standards. Comments on Drawing: Location and sizes of inlets and outlets as shown in drawing.
 Specification Sheet for Sieve Tray
Distillation Column
Identification
Item Distillation Column
Date : 30/05/2010
Item No. DC 121-4 By: Dr. S. E. Ogbeide
No Required 1
Function : separation of a mixture
Operation: Continuous
Materials Handled: Feed Overhead Reflux Bottoms
Quantity: ------------- ---------------- ------------- -------------------
Composition: ------------- ---------------- -------------- -------------------
Temperature: ------------- ---------------- -------------- -------------------
Design data: No of trays: ---------------- Reflux Ratio: ------------------------------
Pressure: ----------------- Tray spacing: ------------------------------
Functional height: ---------------- Skirt Height: ------------------------------
Material of construction: --------
Diameter: ------------------
Max. Allowable
vapour velocity: ft/s -----------------
Max. vapour
flow rate: ft3/s ----------------
Recommended inside
diameter: ---------------
Hole sizes and arrangement: -------
Tray thickness: ----------------------

Utilities: ----------------------, Controls: ------------------------------------------------, Insulation: ------------------------------------------------------

Tolerances: ------------------, Comments on Drawing: ---------------------------------------------
 Design Methodology
Design Steps/Procedure
Design Equations
Standards and Codes
Interaction with Manufacturers
Final Design
Specification Sheets on all equipment
Engage a fabricator
 Individual Home Assignment

Write a technical essay on

computer aided design of a
process equipment of your
choice. Submission date is
on or before 17/05/2011
 Course Assignment
Divide the class further into group of 4 students to carry
out assignment
a) Design of air cooled condenser
b) of vertical thermo-siphon reboiler
c) of kettle type evaporator
d) ,, of finned tube heat exchanger
e) of reciprocating compressor
f) of centrifugal compressor
g) of blowers/vacuum pump
h) of steam turbines
i) of surge drums/tanks
j) of gas turbines
 Course Assignment Contd.
k) Design of Distillation column
l) Design of Adsorption column
m) Design of Absorption column
n) Design of Extraction Column
o) of Extractive distillation column
p) of Biochemical reactor
q) of Fixed bed catalytic reactor
r) of Fluid bed catalytic reactor
s) of Driers
t) of Centrifuges
u) of Crystalisers
v) of Nuclear reactor (2 Class Champions)
w) of Twin Screw Extruder (2 Class Champions)
 Additional list of Hand books
Joseph P. Reyholds, John S. Jeris and Louis Theodore
(Editors), Handbook of Chemical and Environmental
Engineering Calculations, J. Wiley and sons inc. , New York,
(2002)
Ernest E. Ludwig, Applied Process Design for Chemical and
Petrochemical Plants, Volumes 1-3, Third Edition, Gulf
Professional Publishing, Boston (volume 1-Process
Planning, scheduling, flowsheet design, fluid flow, pumping
of liquids, mechanical separation, mixing of solids, ejectors,
process safety and pressure relieving devices. Volume 2
distillation and packed towers. Volume 3 heat transfer,
refrigeration systems, compression equipment, surge
drums, mechanical drivers)
 Lecture N. 4

Classification of Pressure Vessels

Pressure Vessels Codes and Standards
Fundamental Principles and equations
 General Design Considerations
Design pressure
Design Temperature
Materials of construction
Design Stress
Welded Joint Efficiency
Corrosion Allowance
Design loads
Minimum practical wall thickness
 Design of Thin Walled Vessels under
Pressure
Cylinders and spherical shells
Heads and Closures
Design of Flat ends
Design of Doomed ends
Conical section and end enclosures
Compensation for openings and
branches
 Design of Vessels Subject to External
Pressure
Cylindrical Shells
Design of stiffness rings
Vessel heads
Design of Vessels Subject to Combined
Loading
Weight loads
Wind loads
Earthquake loads
Eccentric loads
Torque
 Vessel Supports
Saddle Supports
Skirt Supports
Bracket Supports
 Bolted Flanged Joints
Types of Flange and selection
Gaskets
Flange Faces
Flange Design
Standard Flanges
 Heat Exchanger Tube Plate
Welded joint Design
Fatigue Assessment of Vessels
Pressure Tests
 High Pressure Vessels
Fundamental Equations
Compound Vessels
Liquid Storage tanks
(Mechanical Design of Centrifuges: centrifugal
pressure, bowl and spindle motion, critical
speed)
 Chemical Engineers Specialist
Designers
Chemical engineers develop and specify the
basic design information
Require general appreciation of pressure
vessels
Work closely with the specialist designer
conversant with design codes and practices
 Data Needed By Specialist Designers
Vessel function
Process materials and services
Operating and design temperature and pressure
Materials of construction
Vessel dimension and orientation
Types of vessel heads to be used
Openings and connections required
Specification for heating/cooling
Types of agitators
Specification of internal fittings
 Pressure Vessel
Any closed vessel over 150mm diameter
subject to a pressure difference of more than
0.5 bar
They are divided into two groups depending
on the ratio of wall thickness to wall diameter
thin walled vessels (thickness ratio less
than 1:10)
Thick walled vessels (thickness ration more
than 1:10)
 Principal Stresses on Vessels
Longitudinal stress ------ 1
Circumferential stress--- 2
Radial stress--------------- 3
Design and Fabrication of Thin Walled
Vessels
Covered by National Standards and Codes of
Practice
In UK, according to British Standard PD 5500
European Standard according to EN 13445
American Society of Mechanical Engineers Codes
ASME codes
Coeds cover design, material of construction,
fabrication (manufacturing and workmanship),
Inspection and testing
Latest edition of PD5500 BS 4994
 Codes and Standards
Drawn by committees of engineers experienced in vessel
design and manufacturing techniques (blend theory,
experiment and experience)
Give general guidance for design and construction
Consult the latest appropriate national codes and standards
Any extension beyond code requirements is determined by
agreement between manufacturer and customer
For information on the latest, try internet www.bsi-
global.com
Computer programme to aid in design of vessels to PD5500
and ASME codes can be found by making a search of the
world wide web.
 Group Assignment
Text Book (Chemical Engineering Vol.6 p. 890)
Problem 13.5 Groups 1&2
Problem 13.4 Groups 3&4
Problem 13.6 Groups 5&6
Problem 13.7 Groups 7&8
Problem 13.9 Groups 9&10
 Individual Take Home Assignment
A heat exchanger with two tube passes has been selected for cooling distill
water from 93 to 85OF. The proposed unit contains 160 copper tubes, each
in OD, 18BWG and 16 ft long. The tubes are laid out on 15/16 in
triangular pitch, and the shell ID is 151/4 in. Twenty five percent out
segmental baffles spaced 1 ft apart are located in the shell. The correction
factor Fs, for use in evaluating the outside film coefficient can be assumed
to be 1.3. Cooling water at 75oF will be used to remove the heat, and this
fluid will flow through the tubes at a velocity of 6.7 ft/s. Under these
conditions, the fouling coefficient is 2000 BTU/hr ft2 oF for distill water and
1000 BTU/hr ft2 oF for the cooling water. The pressure drop on the tube
side and the shell side should not exceed 10 psi. Would the selected unit
be satisfactory for cooling 175,000 lb/hr of distilled water?
Use references on next slide and any other information at your disposal
Submission Date: 15th May 2011
 References
Mukherjee, R. , Effectively Design Shell and Tube Heat
Exchangers, Chemical Engineering Progress, vol.94,
No. 2, pp.21 37, (Feb. 1998)
Mukherjee, R. , Broaden your heat exchanger design
Skills, Chemical Engineering Progress, vol.94, no. 3,
pp.35-43, (March 1998)
Aurioles, G. Comply with ASME Codes during early
design stages, Chemical Engineering Progress, vol.943,
no.6, pp.45-50, (1998)
M. Sloan, Designing and trouble shooting plate heat
exchanger, Chemical Engineering, vol.105, no.5,
pp.78-83, (May 1998)
 The Design Report
During the course of a design project, the
engineer prepares a report which explains
what has been done, presents conclusions and
recommendations.
The decision of whether to continue or not
continue the project is based on the material
presented in the report.
A good report must consider the readership of
the report
Questions addressed before starting, while
writing and after finishing a report
What is the purpose of report?
Who will read the report?
Why will they read it?
What are their functions?
What technical level will they understand?
What background information do they have?
 Parts of a Design Report
Covering Letter of Transmittal
Title Page
Table of Content
Abstract or Summary of Report
Body of Report (Essential information
presented in the form of discussion, graphs,
tables and figures)
Appendix
 1. Letter of Transmittal
Indicates why report has been prepared.
Gives essential results that has been
specifically requested.
 2. Title Page
Includes title of report
name of person to whom the report is
submitted
Includes writers name and organisation and
date
 3.Table of Content
Includes location and title of figures, tables
and all major sections
4. Summary
Briefly presents essential results and
conclusions in clear and precise manner
 5. Body of Report
Introduction
Presents a brief discussion to explain what
the report is about and the reason for the
report.
Previous work (discuses important results
obtained from literature surveys, and other
previous work)
Discussion
 5. Body of Report
Outlines the method of attack on the project and
gives the design basis.
Includes graphs, tables, figures that are essential
for understanding the discussion
Discuss technical matters of importance
Indicates assumptions made and their
justification
Gives a general discussion of results and
proposed design
 6.Final Recommended Design with
Appropriate Data
Drawings of proposed design
o Qualitative Flow Sheets
o Quantitative Flow Sheets
o Detailed Flow Sheets
o Tables listing equipment and specifications
o Tables giving material and energy balances
o Process Economics, including costs, profits and
return on investment
7. Conclusions and Recommendations
Presented in more detail than in summary
8. Acknowledgements
acknowledge important assistance of others
who are not listed as preparing report
9. Table of Nomenclature
10. References to literature
Give a complete identification of literature
sources referred to in the report
 11. Appendix
Sample calculations
Derivation of equations essential to
understanding the report but not given in the
main body
Tables of data employed with reference to
some part
Results of laboratory tests (to obtain design
data)
 Steps in Preparing the Report
Define subject matter, scope and intended
audience
Prepare a skeleton outline and then detailed
outline
Write the first draft
Polish and improve on the first draft and
prepare the final draft
Check the written draft carefully, have the
report typed , and proofread the final report
 Check List For The Final Report
Does the report fulfil its purpose?
Will it be understandable to the principal reader?
Does the report appear to cover too broad a subject?
Is sufficient information presented?
Is too much detail included in the body of the report?
Are the objectives clearly stated?
Is the reason for the report stated?
Is the summary concise?
Is there an adequate description of the work done?
Are important assumptions and degree of accuracy
indicated?
 Check List For The Final Report
Are the conclusions and recommendations valid?
Have previous data and earlier studies in the field been
considered?
Is the report well organized?
Is the style of writing readable and interesting?
Has the manuscript been rewritten and edited ruthlessly?
Is the appendix complete?
Are the tables, graphs, and illustrations presented in a neat,
readable and organised form?
Has the report been proofread?
Are the pages, tables and figures numbered properly?
Is the report ready for submittal on time?
 EXAMPLES OF DESIGN PUBLICATIONS
Screw Extruder 1mechanical_math1.pdf
Screw Extruder 2Twin Extrusion Desig 5.pdf
Screw Extruder 3v49-41.pdf
Screw Extruder 4WCE2010_pp1941-1944.pdf