10-Emergency Preparedness and ResponseREVISED

Emergency Preparedness And
Response
Safety And Health Officer

Certificate Course
Copyright@NIOSH 2005/1 1
Learning Objectives
To define what is an emergency
To describe why prepare for an

emergency
To determine the stages of an

emergency
To identify the elements of emergency

programme for preparedness, response
and recovery Copyright@NIOSH 2005/1 2
Scope
Recognising an emergency
Emergency management
Emergency planning
Emergency mitigation and resources
Procedures
Incident control and facilities
Training & exercises
What Is An Emergency
Accident unexpected event which cause

damage @ harm. Happens by chance
Emergency an unforeseen combination

of circumstances @ the resulting state
that calls for immediate action
Disaster a sudden calamitous event

bringing great damage, loss @
destruction Copyright@NIOSH 2005/1 4
Why Prepare For An
Emergency
There are unaccounted, unplanned &
unexpected event
Accidents happen at any time and

emergency situation is chaotic
Emergency often escalates to crisis
Why Prepare For An
Emergency
Regulatory and Industry requirement
e.g. CIMAH Regulations 1996,
Responsible care OHSAS 18000, ISO
14000, etc.
Communities are affected by emergencies
Stages Of An Emergency
1st Emergency Level
Trigger
escalation? End of
incident emergency
trigger
minutes hours days months
PRE-EMERGENCY EMERGENCY
RECOVERY
EMERGENCY
LEVELS
Time
Levels Of Emergencies
Depends on severity of the incident and
capability of the organisation
Level 1
If within the capabilities of the organisation
Level 2
If external assistance is required: mutual aid,
district or other agencies. MKN Arahan 20
may apply.
Levels Of Emergencies
Level 3
State or National Disaster. MKN Arahan 20
takes over.
Goals of Emergency Response
Control, Reduce or stop the cause
Control situation and limit secondary

damage
Continue operations and recover

quickly
Objectives of Emergency
Response
Save lifes
Prioritise Rescue and First Aid

Rescuers must not be put to risk
Save property, asset and reputation
Save Community and the

Environment
Basic Elements of Emergency
Preparedness and Response
Management
1: Organise emergency management team
2: Identify the accident scenarios and emergency
consequences
3: Identify resources, equipment and facilities
4: Develop plans and procedures
5: Train, drill and exercise
6: Review system
Emergency Management
Organisations
Emergency
Management
Commitment
Emergency Emergency Incident

Co-ordinator Management Command
Committee Organisation
- To coordinate planning -Take control during incident
-To plan for
-Mitigation -- Functions:
-Preparedness -Command
-Response -Operations
-Recovery -Planning
-Logistics
-Admin/Finance
Coordinator And Tasks
Emergency Management Coordinator

Administer and keep current the emergency
management programme
Work with Emergency Management
Committee
Coordinator And Tasks
Emergency Management Committee
Ensure preparation, implementation and
evaluation of EPR
Work with coordinator
Membership Technical & Non-Technical
Incident Command Organisation
(Based On Incident Command System)
Incident
Commander
Operations Planning Logistics Administration

Damage Situation Communications Legal
Control (Fire Analysis HR Procurement
Fighting, etc.) Records ECC Recovery
Rescue Documents First Aid
Evacuation Strategy Transport
Traffic IT
Control
National Inter-Agency Incident Management System
Used by FEMA and included in NFPA 1600:2000
Task Of the Incident
Organisation
Identifies level of emergency response
Coordinates response action,

evacuation, continuity and recovery
activities
Ensure outside assistance are notified

or called upon
Task Of the Incident
Organisation
Work with external agencies
Complies with applicable statutes or

regulations
Incident Command Operations
Teams
Depends on the organisation, activities
and products. For example:
Most organisations will need a team of :
Fire fighters
Evacuation rescuers
First Aiders
Hazardous chemical plants:
Chemical or oil spill team
Process plant:
Shut down team
Rescue team
Emergency Planning
Threat and hazard identification
Use imagination; think of the unexpected
Assessment of emergency scenario

Also impacts beyond control such as:
o Regional communications loss and national
power outage
o transportation disruptions (floods, broken
bridges)
Emergency Planning
Plan For Emergency Mitigation,

Preparedness, Response And Recovery
Types Of Potential Hazards
Natural events
Storms, earthquakes, floods, etc.
Technological events
Mechanical problems (ruptured pipes,
metal fatigue), chemical spills, aircraft
crash, fire, explosion, etc.
Types Of Potential Hazards
Human events
The wrong valve was opened,
miscommunication about what to do, etc.
Sabotage, terrorism
Other Hazard Considerations
Quantity of hazardous materials
Location of hazardous materials
Location of isolation valves
Special fire fighting requirements
(oil, chemical) if any
Special handling requirements
(e.g. radio-active, pathogens)
Hazard Consequence Analysis
For Emergency And Recovery Plans
What hazards are most likely to occur
What functions or services are affected
In what way the functions could not be
performed following a disaster
What are the critical functions
What actions will protect them
What functions has to be restored
quickly
Potential Impacts Of Hazards
Health, Safety and Environment
Persons in the affected area

Personnel responding to the incident
Pollution to the environment
Potential Impacts Of Hazards
Legal
Regulatory and contractual obligations
Business
Continuity of operations and delivery of
services
Property, facilities, and infrastructure loss
Reputation of the organisation
Economic and financial condition
Emergency Plans Must Comply
With Legal and Other
Requirements
Examples of requirements are:
OSHA 1994
CIMAH Regulations 1996
Environmental Quality Act 1974
Voluntary Standards
Disaster/ Emergency Management Standard
(Incident Command System, FPA 1600:2000)
Industry Practice
Responsible Care
Emergency Plan Strategy
Emergency plans should be capable of
dealing with the worst case credible
scenario
However, detailed planning should

concentrate on the more likely
events
Emergency Plan Strategy
Plans should also be sufficiently flexible to

ensure that an emergency response can
be varied according to the severity of
the incident
Recovery Strategy
Objective is to restore functions as
early as possible
Redundancy or alternatives
arranged for identified critical
functions
Alternative site, supplier arrangements
Recovery Strategy
Roles and responsibilities for

restoration identified
e.g. recovery manager and team,

communications, utilities, purchasing, HR,
site security
Mitigation Measures
Interim and long-term - to eliminate or
reduce impact of hazards that cannot be
eliminated.
Access, escape routes and shelters
Early Warning - Establishment of hazard
warning and communication procedures
Materials removal, reduction, modification,
segregation or elimination
Heat, fluids, etc. - protective systems,
redundancy, control of rate of release
Structures - building construction standards
Resource Planning
Based on identified threats and
hazards
Fire, flood, explosion, spills, collapse
Existing internal and external

resources
Identify resource shortfalls and

alternate sources
Resource Planning
Consideration for mutual aid agreements
Arrangements with vendors and

suppliers
Identify for Each Threat or
Hazard
Resources and logistics
Personnel, training, expert knowledge,

materials
Available in a timely manner and have the

capability to do its intended function
Quantity, response time, operability
Identify for Each Threat or
Hazard
Equipment and Facilities
Fire fighting, heavy equipment, medical

supplies
Miscellaneous
Food, clothing and shelter for evacuees,

religious personnel, volunteer and
social/political groups
Emergency Facilities To Be
Made Available
Command posts
Identified, equipped, tested, and maintained

Operations manual
Personal protection equipment list
Emergency Facilities To Be
Made Available
Where needed toxic, explosive gas
detectors, wind indicators
Resources from external sources
At industrial facilities or agencies
Regular Tests of Emergency
Equipment and Facilities
Check and document alarm system

frequently
Frequent tests of fire fighting

equipment
Immediate Strategic Plans
Identification of vital personnel (core

team), systems, operations, and
equipment
Priorities for restoration and mitigation
Immediate Strategic Plans
Acceptable downtime before restoration

to a minimum level
Minimum resources needed to

accomplish the restoration
Plans
Written Plans
Strategic
Operations
Mitigation
Recovery plans
Roles and responsibilities

Incident commander, recovery manager,
communications and public relations
Lines of authority
Procedures
Alarms, call out and notification

Communication - internal, authorities,
public
Employees - escape, etc.
Evacuation - community
Coordination with other parties
Recovery
Emergency Operating Manuals
For reference during an emergency

Who does what, information and data
Balance between overview and detailed
response
Need to know, nice to know
Sound understanding enables flexibility
Simple language
Finance and Administration
The organisation should also develop
financial and administrative
procedures to support the emergency
management programme before, during,
and after an emergency or a disaster.
Finance and Administration
Before maintenance, drills and exercises,

alternate sites and equipment
During logistics, HRM, logistics, equipment,

services
After recovery activities, repairs, clean-ups

and restoration, compensation
Incident Procedures
Control of access to the area
Identification of personnel at the

incident
Accounting for personnel in incident

activities
Incident Procedures
Accounting for persons affected,

displaced, or injured by the emergency
Mobilisation and demobilisation of

resources
Disaster Recovery Activities
On-site damage assessment and

purchasing
Employee/victim assistance (financial,

medical and psychological)
Incident investigation
Disaster Recovery Activities
Clean-up and restoration
Restoring safety and emergency

systems
Legal, insurance and financing (expedited)
Public information and communication

Training
Familiarisation
Manual Familiarisation, Specific Courses

(chemical fire, rescue, decontamination,
Media etc), Exercise Observer
Training
Personal readiness
Know the fundamental Role

Know your way around the manual
Have your personal aids ready
Know the early actions well
Ensure alternate is ready
Exercises And Drills
Types and subjects
Types: Simulated, Real
Subjects: Operational, Security, Commercial
Preparation for exercise

Scenarios, Timing of events, Roles
(including media) and Resources
Secret but forewarn other parties (outside
agencies) as necessary
Drills
Evacuation Copyright@NIOSH 2005/1 54
Evaluation
Plan should be reviewed annually
and updated as necessary
Be re-evaluated when:
There are changes:
Regulatory, New hazards are identified or
existing hazards change
Resources or organizational structure change
After tests, drills, or exercises
After disaster responses
Infrastructure changes
Summary
Organise emergency management
team
Identify the accident scenarios and
emergency consequences
Identify resources, equipment and
facilities
Develop plans and procedures
Train, drill and exercise
Review system

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Emergency Preparedness And

Safety And Health Officer

To describe why prepare for an

To determine the stages of an

To identify the elements of emergency

Accident unexpected event which cause

Emergency an unforeseen combination

Disaster a sudden calamitous event

Accidents happen at any time and

Emergency often escalates to crisis

Communities are affected by emergencies

Control, Reduce or stop the cause

Control situation and limit secondary

Continue operations and recover

Prioritise Rescue and First Aid

Save property, asset and reputation

Save Community and the

Emergency Emergency Incident

Emergency Management Coordinator

Membership Technical & Non-Technical

Operations Planning Logistics Administration

Coordinates response action,

Ensure outside assistance are notified

Complies with applicable statutes or

Assessment of emergency scenario

Plan For Emergency Mitigation,

Health, Safety and Environment

Persons in the affected area

However, detailed planning should

Plans should also be sufficiently flexible to

Alternative site, supplier arrangements

Roles and responsibilities for

e.g. recovery manager and team,

Existing internal and external

Identify resource shortfalls and

Consideration for mutual aid agreements

Arrangements with vendors and

Personnel, training, expert knowledge,

Available in a timely manner and have the

Quantity, response time, operability

Fire fighting, heavy equipment, medical

Food, clothing and shelter for evacuees,

Identified, equipped, tested, and maintained

Personal protection equipment list

Resources from external sources

At industrial facilities or agencies

Check and document alarm system

Frequent tests of fire fighting

Identification of vital personnel (core

Priorities for restoration and mitigation

Acceptable downtime before restoration

Minimum resources needed to

Roles and responsibilities

Alarms, call out and notification

For reference during an emergency

Before maintenance, drills and exercises,

During logistics, HRM, logistics, equipment,

After recovery activities, repairs, clean-ups