Feminist Thought and The Ethics of Care

Feminist
ThoughtAnd
TheEthics
OfCare
PREPARED BY :
UMMU HIDAYAH BINTI MOHD

JAFRI
( DL 1411776)
NOREHAN BINTI KADIR
( DL1413000)
FEMINISM HISTORY AND PERSPECTIVE
The history of the modern western feminist movements is divided into three
"waves". Each Feminism is a perspective that is described as dealing with different
aspects of explores the connectedness of the same feminist issues.
THE FIRST WAVE REFERS
Concepts that other theorists simply do not discuss or event the movement
of the 19th through early 20th contemplate. Centuries, which dealt mainly
with suffrage, working conditions and educational rights for women and
girls.
THE SECOND WAVE

(1960s-1980s) dealt with the inequality of laws, as wells cultural inequalities
and the role of women in society.
THE THIRD WAVE

Feminism (late 1980s-early 2000s (decade), is seen as both a continuation of
the second wave and response to the perceived failures.
FEMINISM
RADICAL
LIBERAL
MARXIST
WHATISFEMINISM?
Feminism is the belief in the social, political, and
economic equality of the sexes.
Feminist activism is the struggle for that equality
Advocating social, political, legal, and economic
rights for women equal to those of men.
Gender norms are socially constructed not
determined by biology.
LIBERALFEMINISM
Liberal Feminists look for explanations of gender inequalities in social and cultural
attitudes & call for legal and political equality between males and females.
The creation of equal opportunities is the main aim of liberal feminists e.g. the sex.
(Discrimination Act and Equal pay.
Discrimination prevents women from having equal opportunities.
Socialization into traditional gender roles produces rigid, inflexible expectations of men
and women.
RADICALFEMINISM
Rosemarie Tong (1998) STRATEGIES for changes

TWO groups of radical Society is patriarchal 1) Political Lesbianism
feminist;
men are the ruling
1) Radical 2) Campaigns against
libertarian feminists aim class, and women the
objectification
for a state of androgyny subject class.
2) Radical 3) Separatism women
Cultural feminists believe only Communities and
in the superiority of the mar trifocal households.
feminine
MARXISTFEMINISM
This idea was laid by Engels.
FEMINISMfocusedoninvestigatingandexplainingthewaysin
whichwomenareoppressedthroughsystemsofCAPITALISM
andPRIVATE PROPERTY.
AccordingtoMarxistfeminists,women'sliberationcanonlybe
achievedthrougharadicalrestructuringofthecurrentcapitalist
economy,inwhich,theycontend,muchofwomen'slaboris
uncompensated
Marxist feminism states that economic inequality,
dependence, political confusion and ultimately unhealthy
social relations between men and women are the root of
women's oppression in the current social context.
FEMINISTINMALAYSIA
Feminist movement in Malaysia as a developing country and the other in the West have
the same goals for the universal woman, whether equality in economic , educational ,
political , or social
However, many of the women of Malaysia uncomfortable calling myself a feminist because
of its connotations and the concept of feminism itself a stranger and have a Westernized
elements
Some also booed feminism as an activity that "unhealthy triggers spirit of discontent and
increasing the prejudice and hostility between women and men.
On the other hand, feminism things like socialism do not know the skin color and race; as
the other work for fighting for freedom and change (in the Third World ) can only be
strengthened through energy women from all walks of life, and the result is the freedom of
the exploiters, oppression, and the restructuring of patriarchy
FEMINISTINMALAYSIA
Islamic feminism symbol combines religious
symbols of Islam (crescent and star) and
femalesexsymbols.
Unlike most of Muslim majority countries,
other Muslim women in Malaysia have more
personalfreedom.
ETHICS OF CARE FEMINISM
The ethics of care (alternatively care ethics or EoC) is a normative ethical theory that
holds interpersonal relationships and care or benevolence as a virtue as central to
moral action. It is one of a cluster of normative ethical theories that were developed
by feminists in the second half of the twentieth century.
Carol Gilligans philosophy Believes men and women have tendencies to view
morality in different terms, with women tending to emphasize empathy and
compassion over the notions of morality that are privileged by Kohlberg's scale.
The "different voice is not characterized by gender, it is associated with women by

means of an empirical observation. Subsequent research, confirms that the
difference in the use of the care ethic or the justice orientation is not based on
gender difference.
ETHICS OF CARE FEMINISM
One of the ethical theory that is seen is the typical female or feminist ethic of care
(ethic of care). Ethical concerns triggered by Carol Gilligan.
According to Gilligan, women tend to base their behavior on the concern of the ability
to listen to the stories of others and yourself.
Understand ethics emphasize the importance of relationships among humans. This

approach rejects the absolute approach, objective and impartial (unbiased) created by
men and expect to create a harmony between its own interests with the interests of
other parties, as well as developing a relationship based on mutual love matter.
Ethical theory that triggered Carol Gilligan based care (care) so that ethics is called the
ethics of care. The ethical theory using the nature of motherhood (maternal) owned by
women. Ethics is the underlying theory is based on the concern that elements of emotion
rather than rationality.
The main focus of ethical feminism is to prioritize voice and experiences of women as
moral agents who are able to actively participate in the development of moral and
ethical system.
Through ethical feminism, women's position in social outlook restored so that it can
play a role as important actors in society.
Moral emphasis in feminist ethics which is assumed to be typical of women as

intuitive, sensitive, empathetic and emotional attributes to be considered a weakness
it empowered the ethics of feminism as a power.
Feminism ethical thinking is based on experience, unlike traditional ethic that

prioritizes the human aspect.
The purpose of the ethics of feminism is to make the world better and raise
awareness to make the world a better place. Ethics Feminism is more particular and
is an attempt to overcome universal ethics developed by man.
ALISON JAGGAR, showed the FOUR
approaches to understand the ethics of feminism.
First, the moral critique of traditional ethics which
perpetuate the subordination of women.
Second, determine how morally able to resist the actions

and practices against women's subordination.
Third, imagine a morally desirable alternative to such acts

and practices.
Fourth, take the moral experience of women seriously.

FEMINISTETHICSSTRENGTHS
According to Merriam-webster, Feminism is a collection of movements and
ideologies aimed at defining, establishing, and defending equal political,
economic, cultural, and social rights of women.
Feminism seems to be a good idea, but not everything has been fine.
ADVANTAGES
The women have gain equality.
The women are able to participate in elections.
The women are able to speak in public.
The women are able to demand their rights.
FEMINIST ETHICS WEAKNESSES
DISADVANTAGES
GENITAL DIFFERENCE.
Some women think that a man and a woman should be equal in
everything. And everything includes their physics. Therefore, to also have
the same body, some women have preferred to live with a lesbian and
forget the men.
ANTI-MALE.
Many women want to have children, but some of them think that a sexual
relation is a violent action. To avoid this violence they chose for
inseminating.
READINGS.
According to the feminism, everything should be equal in sex. Therefore, an
author should have two protagonists: a man and a woman. What about the
orders in the writings? Could we write: A man and a woman? Or should we
write: A woman and a man?
HARASSMENT.
In some countries such as Mexico, it is dangerous when a man sees a woman
because she is able to consider it as harassment. Also, it is dangerous to travel
in the metro, because if a man rubs a woman as an accident, the woman is able
to sue the man for a sexual harassment.
CONCLUSION
Ethics Feminism has a viewpoint that good-bad action is based on the experiences and
problems faced by women. The purpose of the ethics of feminism is to make the world
better and raise awareness to make the world a better place. Understand ethics emphasize
the importance of the relationship between human beings and rejects the approach of
absolute, objective and universal.
From the political side, the Ethics Feminism emphasized that the oppression of women can
not be justified morally. Women have the right to free expression. Any form of slaughter
against women has violated the rules of morality. The man who still has a strong control on
a system of ethics, should be made aware that women have a capacity as human beings.

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Feminist

UMMU HIDAYAH BINTI MOHD

THE SECOND WAVE

THE THIRD WAVE

Rosemarie Tong (1998) STRATEGIES for changes

The "different voice is not characterized by gender, it is associated with women by

Understand ethics emphasize the importance of relationships among humans. This

Moral emphasis in feminist ethics which is assumed to be typical of women as

Feminism ethical thinking is based on experience, unlike traditional ethic that

Second, determine how morally able to resist the actions

Third, imagine a morally desirable alternative to such acts

Fourth, take the moral experience of women seriously.

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