Python Basics

Rohit Pawar
Vivek Sahu
 Overview

History
Installing & Running Python
Names & Assignment
Sequences types: Lists, Tuples, and
Strings
Mutability
 Why Python?

Python is Efficient
Python is Fast
Python is Broad
Python is not Python
Python is Easy
 Installing
Installing Python is generally easy. Download
from http://python.org/download/ and install it.
Python is pre-installed on most Unix systems,
including Linux and MAC OS X.
Python comes with a large library of standard
modules.
 PyPi
Repository of software for python
programming language.
To install any Python package run
command pip install <package-name>
 List Comprehension
It is a process of forming lists
out of other lists or structures
 Slicing
Slicing is the process of taking a subset of some data
It is most commonly applied to strings and lists
 Python Scripts
When you call a python program from the
command line the interpreter evaluates each
expression in the file
Familiar mechanisms are used to provide
command line arguments and/or redirect
input and output
Python also has mechanisms to allow a
python program to act both as a script and as
a module to be imported and used by another
python program
 Example of a Script
#! /usr/bin/python
""" reads text from standard input and outputs any email
addresses it finds, one to a line.
"""
import re
from sys import stdin
# a regular expression ~ for a valid email address
pat = re.compile(r'[-\w][-.\w]*@[-\w][-\w.]+[a-zA-Z]{2,4}')
for line in stdin.readlines():
for address in pat.findall(line):
print address
 results

python> python email0.py <email.txt

[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
python>
 Getting a unique, sorted list
import re
from sys import stdin

pat = re.compile(r'[-\w][-.\w]*@[-\w][-\w.]+[a-zA-Z]{2,4})
# found is an initially empty set (a list w/o duplicates)
found = set( )
for line in stdin.readlines():
for address in pat.findall(line):
found.add(address)
# sorted() takes a sequence, returns a sorted list of its elements
for address in sorted(found):
print address
 results

python> python email2.py <email.txt

[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
python>
 Simple functions: ex.py
"""factorial done recursively and iteratively"""

def fact1(n):
ans = 1
for i in range(2,n):
ans = ans * n
return ans

def fact2(n):
if n < 1:
return 1
else:
return n * fact2(n - 1)
 Simple functions: ex.py
671> python
Python 2.5.2
>>> import ex
>>> ex.fact1(6)
1296
>>> ex.fact2(200)
78865786736479050355236321393218507000000L
>>> ex.fact1
<function fact1 at 0x902470>
>>> fact1
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
NameError: name 'fact1' is not defined
>>>
The Basics
 A Code Sample (in IDLE)
x = 34 - 23 # A comment.
y = Hello # Another one.
z = 3.45
if z == 3.45 or y == Hello:
x = x + 1
y = y + World # String concat.
print x
print y
 Enough to Understand the Code
Indentation matters to code meaning
Block structure indicated by indentation
First assignment to a variable creates it
Variable types dont need to be declared.
Python figures out the variable types on its own.
Assignment is = and comparison is ==
For numbers + - * / % are as expected
Special use of + for string concatenation and % for
string formatting (as in Cs printf)
Logical operators are words (and, or,
not) not symbols
The basic printing command is print
 Basic Datatypes
Integers (default for numbers)
z = 5 / 2 # Answer 2, integer division
Floats
x = 3.456
Strings
Can use or to specify with abc ==
abc
Unmatched can occur within the string:
matts
Use triple double-quotes for multi-line strings or
strings than contain both and inside of them:
abc
 Whitespace
Whitespace is meaningful in Python: especially
indentation and placement of newlines
Use a newline to end a line of code
Use \ when must go to next line prematurely
No braces {} to mark blocks of code, use
consistent indentation instead
First line with less indentation is outside of the block
First line with more indentation starts a nested block
Colons start of a new block in many constructs,
e.g. function definitions, then clauses
 Comments
Start comments with #, rest of line is ignored
Can include a documentation string as the
first line of a new function or class you define
Development environments, debugger, and
other tools use it: its good style to include one
def fact(n):
fact(n) assumes n is a positive
integer and returns facorial of n.
assert(n>0)
return 1 if n==1 else n*fact(n-1)
 Assignment
Binding a variable in Python means setting a name to
hold a reference to some object
Assignment creates references, not copies
Names in Python do not have an intrinsic type,
objects have types
Python determines the type of the reference automatically
based on what data is assigned to it
You create a name the first time it appears on the left
side of an assignment expression:
x = 3
A reference is deleted via garbage collection after
any names bound to it have passed out of scope
Python uses reference semantics (more later)
 Naming Rules
Names are case sensitive and cannot start
with a number. They can contain letters,
numbers, and underscores.
bob Bob _bob _2_bob_ bob_2 BoB
There are some reserved words:
and, assert, break, class, continue,
def, del, elif, else, except, exec,
finally, for, from, global, if,
import, in, is, lambda, not, or,
pass, print, raise, return, try,
while
 Naming conventions
The Python community has these recommend-
ed naming conventions
joined_lower for functions, methods and,
attributes
joined_lower or ALL_CAPS for constants
StudlyCaps for classes
camelCase only to conform to pre-existing
conventions
Attributes: interface, _internal, __private
 Assignment
You can assign to multiple names at the
same time
>>> x, y = 2, 3
>>> x
2
>>> y
3
This makes it easy to swap values
>>> x, y = y, x
Assignments can be chained
>>> a = b = x = 2
Accessing Non-Existent Name
Accessing a name before its been properly
created (by placing it on the left side of an
assignment), raises an error
>>> y

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "<pyshell#16>", line 1, in -toplevel-
y
NameError: name y' is not defined
>>> y = 3
>>> y
3
Sequence types:
Tuples, Lists, and
Strings
 Sequence Types
1. Tuple: (john, 32, [CMSC])
A simple immutable ordered sequence of
items
Items can be of mixed types, including
collection types
2. Strings: John Smith
Immutable
Conceptually very much like a tuple
3. List: [1, 2, john, (up, down)]
Mutable ordered sequence of items of
mixed types
 Similar Syntax
All three sequence types (tuples,
strings, and lists) share much of the
same syntax and functionality.
Key difference:
Tuples and strings are immutable
Lists are mutable
The operations shown in this section
can be applied to all sequence types
most examples will just show the
operation performed on one
 Sequence Types 1

Define tuples using parentheses and commas

>>> tu = (23, abc, 4.56, (2,3), def)

Define lists are using square brackets and

commas
>>> li = [abc, 34, 4.34, 23]
Define strings using quotes (, , or ).
>>> st = Hello World
>>> st = Hello World
>>> st = This is a multi-line
string that uses triple quotes.
 Sequence Types 2
Access individual members of a tuple, list, or
string using square bracket array notation
Note that all are 0 based
>>> tu = (23, abc, 4.56, (2,3), def)
>>> tu[1] # Second item in the tuple.
abc
>>> li = [abc, 34, 4.34, 23]
>>> li[1] # Second item in the list.
34
>>> st = Hello World
>>> st[1] # Second character in string.
e
 Positive and negative indices

>>> t = (23, abc, 4.56, (2,3), def)

Positive index: count from the left, starting with 0
>>> t[1]
abc
Negative index: count from right, starting with 1
>>> t[-3]
4.56
 Slicing: return copy of a subset

>>> t = (23, abc, 4.56, (2,3), def)

Return a copy of the container with a subset of

the original members. Start copying at the first
index, and stop copying before second.
>>> t[1:4]
(abc, 4.56, (2,3))
Negative indices count from end
>>> t[1:-1]
(abc, 4.56, (2,3))
 Slicing: return copy of a =subset

>>> t = (23, abc, 4.56, (2,3), def)

Omit first index to make copy starting from
beginning of the container
>>> t[:2]
(23, abc)
Omit second index to make copy starting at first
index and going to end
>>> t[2:]
(4.56, (2,3), def)
 Copying the Whole Sequence

[ : ] makes a copy of an entire sequence

>>> t[:]
(23, abc, 4.56, (2,3), def)
Note the difference between these two lines
for mutable sequences
>>> l2 = l1 # Both refer to 1 ref,
# changing one affects both
>>> l2 = l1[:] # Independent copies, two
refs
 The in Operator
Boolean test whether a value is inside a container:
>>> t = [1, 2, 4, 5]
>>> 3 in t
False
>>> 4 in t
True
>>> 4 not in t
False
For strings, tests for substrings
>>> a = 'abcde'
>>> 'c' in a
True
>>> 'cd' in a
True
>>> 'ac' in a
False
Be careful: the in keyword is also used in the syntax
of for loops and list comprehensions
 The + Operator
The + operator produces a new tuple, list, or
string whose value is the concatenation of its
arguments.

>>> (1, 2, 3) + (4, 5, 6)

(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)

>>> [1, 2, 3] + [4, 5, 6]

[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

>>> Hello + + World

Hello World
 The * Operator
The * operator produces a new tuple, list, or
string that repeats the original content.
>>> (1, 2, 3) * 3
(1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3)

>>> [1, 2, 3] * 3
[1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3]

>>> Hello * 3
HelloHelloHello
 Mutability:
Tuples vs. Lists
 Lists are mutable

>>> li = [abc, 23, 4.34, 23]

>>> li[1] = 45
>>> li
[abc, 45, 4.34, 23]
We can change lists in place.
Name li still points to the same memory
reference when were done.
 Tuples are immutable
>>> t = (23, abc, 4.56, (2,3), def)
>>> t[2] = 3.14
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<pyshell#75>", line 1, in -toplevel-
tu[2] = 3.14
TypeError: object doesn't support item assignment

You cant change a tuple.

You can make a fresh tuple and assign its
reference to a previously used name.
>>> t = (23, abc, 3.14, (2,3), def)
The immutability of tuples means theyre faster
than lists.
 Operations on Lists Only

>>> li = [1, 11, 3, 4, 5]

>>> li.append(a) # Note the method

syntax
>>> li
[1, 11, 3, 4, 5, a]

>>> li.insert(2, i)
>>>li
[1, 11, i, 3, 4, 5, a]
 The extend method vs +
+ creates a fresh list with a new memory ref
extend operates on list li in place.
>>> li.extend([9, 8, 7])
>>> li
[1, 2, i, 3, 4, 5, a, 9, 8, 7]

Potentially confusing:
extend takes a list as an argument.
append takes a singleton as an argument.
>>> li.append([10, 11, 12])
>>> li
[1, 2, i, 3, 4, 5, a, 9, 8, 7, [10,
11, 12]]
 Operations on Lists Only
Lists have many methods, including index, count,
remove, reverse, sort
>>> li = [a, b, c, b]
>>> li.index(b) # index of 1st occurrence
1
>>> li.count(b) # number of occurrences
2
>>> li.remove(b) # remove 1st occurrence
>>> li
[a, c, b]
 Operations on Lists Only
>>> li = [5, 2, 6, 8]

>>> li.reverse() # reverse the list *in place*

>>> li
[8, 6, 2, 5]

>>> li.sort() # sort the list *in place*

>>> li
[2, 5, 6, 8]

>>> li.sort(some_function)
# sort in place using user-defined comparison
 Tuple details
The comma is the tuple creation operator, not parens
>>> 1,
(1,)

Python shows parens for clarity (best practice)

>>> (1,)
(1,)

Don't forget the comma!

>>> (1)
1

Trailing comma only required for singletons others

Empty tuples have a special syntactic form
>>> ()
()
>>> tuple()
()
 Summary: Tuples vs. Lists
Lists slower but more powerful than tuples
Lists can be modified, and they have lots of
handy operations and mehtods
Tuples are immutable and have fewer
features
To convert between tuples and lists use the
list() and tuple() functions:
li = list(tu)
tu = tuple(li)