MCSA and PD Review

MCSA and PD Review
MCSA
Functionality with squirrel cage induction machine
Broken rotor bars

Air gap eccentricity
Pump wear
The fact is that it detects abnormal high resistance in the rotor

circuit. In other words, bad solder joints, loose connections
and damaged rotor bars.
MCSA
Theory Basics
Supply frequency f1 and rotor speed n

Synchronous frequency n1=f1/P
Slip s=(n1-n)/n1
Sidebands of stator current (due to broken rotor bar etc.)
General form fb=(12ks)f1, k=1,2,3;
Typical formula fb=(12s)f1
Number of broken rotor bars
MCSA
General Observations and Limitations
Same load (slip)

The intervals between the fundamental component and side bands are
similar/same with different
number of broken rotor bars; the magnitude of side bands
increase as the number of broken rotor bars increases.
Different loads
As load increases, the interval increases between the fundamental
component and side bands
Limitations
The less the load, the less calculated accuracy on the broken rotor bars (>75%).
With low load, a nonlinear correction factor needs to be applied----this correction
factor may be
commercial sensitive/unavailable
MCSA
Instrument
LABVIEW
Some off-the-shelf product
Oscilloscope
Extra high sampling rate fs? Line resolution=fs/N(=25,000/8000=3.125Hz>1Hz)
PD
Functionality
Points of weakness in the insulation system

Aging process
Future measures and intervals between overhauls
Methods
Off-line measurement
On-line measurement
Limitations
Difficult to define absolute limits as acceptance criteria
The degree of deterioration/risk of insulation system filature, depends on type of
PD source and location
Empirical limits and PD trend evaluation and comparison using same
measurement equipment to ensure reliability of PD analysis
PD
Principle
Points where the local field strength of each inhomogeneity > breakdown field
numerous PD pulses during one cycle of the applied voltage
Amount of charge transferred related to specific physical properties
Types of PD
Internal discharge: internal void, end-windings, slot discharges
Pulse propagation in windings: transmission function unknown (subject-
dependant), high-frequency PD signals are subject to considerable attenuation
Measurement (IEC 60270 Electrical)

Coupling device, transmission system and measuring instrument
PD
Visualization of measurements
Most importantly Qm=f(U)

PD magnitude Qm: largest repeatedly occurring magnitude, in mV or apparent
charge pC
rms value of test voltage U
The inception voltage PDIV and extinction voltage PDEV
PD discharge qn pattern
Phase of occurrence , PD magnitude q, the frequency of PD occurrence n
PD
Test circuit
PD
Test circuit: Applied voltage pattern

PD
PD pattern identification
End-winding PD: winding End-winding PD: conductive slot

overhang coating and stress control coating
An example of process
End-winding PD: gap type, e.g. Slot PD: air gap between the
between bars in winding overhang laminated stator core and the side
of the stator bar
PD
Rules in PD pattern identification
Trending Qm on the same stator over time, using the same test method and
equipment with same test technical characteristics
Comparing Qm from several generators with the same design, using the same test
method and equipment with same test technical characteristics
Comparing Qm between different phases of one stator, using the same test method
and equipment with same test technical characteristics
Apply same testing conditions, Qm variations of 25% are regarded as normal

Establish database
PD
Supporting standards/papers
[1] IEC 60060-1 High-voltage test techniques ---part 1: General definitions

and test requirements
[2] IEC 60060-2 High-voltage test techniques --- part 2: Measuring systems
[3] IEC 60270: 2000 High-voltage test techniques Partial discharge
measurements
[4] IEEE Std. 1434-2000: IEEE Trial-use guide to the measurement of partial
discharges in rotating machinery
[5] CIGRE Technical Brochure 226: Knowledge rules for partial discharge
diagnosis in service
[6] IEEE Std. 433 (R1991): IEEE recommended practice for insulation testing
of large AC rotating machinery with high voltage at very low frequency
[7] IEEE Std. 43-2000: IEEE recommended practice for testing insulation resistance
of rotating machinery
[8] Hudon C. and Belec M. Partial discharge signal interpretation for generator
diagnostics, IEEE Trans. on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, Vol. 12, No. 2, pp.

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What are the main components of MCSA functionality?

What are the main principles of PD measurement?

MCSA and PD Review

Functionality with squirrel cage induction machine

Broken rotor bars

The fact is that it detects abnormal high resistance in the rotor

Supply frequency f1 and rotor speed n

Same load (slip)

Some off-the-shelf product

Points of weakness in the insulation system

Measurement (IEC 60270 Electrical)

Most importantly Qm=f(U)

Test circuit: Applied voltage pattern

End-winding PD: winding End-winding PD: conductive slot

Apply same testing conditions, Qm variations of 25% are regarded as normal

[1] IEC 60060-1 High-voltage test techniques ---part 1: General definitions

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