BBM 10203 Marking&Measurement Tools W3

CHAPTER 3:-
MARKING,
MEASUREMENT
TOOLS
uhammad Azri Bin Othman#BBM 10203# Teknologi worksyop# SEM1 SESI 2013/2014#
Marking out
Marking out is the scratching of lines on the surface of a work
piece, known as scribing and is usually carried out only on a
single work piece or a small number of work pieces. The
two(2) main purpose of marking out are:
To indicate the work piece outline or the position of holes,

slots, etc. if the excess material will have to be removed, a
guide is given for the extend to which hack sawing or filing
can be carried out.
To provide a guide to setting up the work piece on a machine.
The work piece is set up relative to the marking out and is then
machined. This is especially important when a datum has to be
established when castings and forging are to be machined.
Datum
Datums are features (points, axis, and planes) on the
object that are used as reference surfaces from which
other measurements are made. Used in designing, tooling,
manufacturing, inspecting, and assembling components
and sub-assemblies.
1.000
Marking Tools
Marking is the process of layout of sizes on work piece. The
following tools are used in marking out operations.
Scriber
Divider & jenny caliper
Angle plate & V-block
Surface Gauge / scribing block
Punch
Engineering square
Surface table & surface plate
Scriber
A scriber is used for scratching lines onto the workpiece.
It is made of hardened tool steel.
Dividers & jenny caliper
Dividers are made of hardened tool steel. The legs are used
for scribing arcs or circles and to mark off a series of lengths
such as hole centres onto a workpiece. They are of spring bow
construction, each of the two pointed steel legs being
hardened and ground to a fine point and capable of scribing a
maximum circle of around 150mm diameter.
Angle plate & V-Block
Angle plate are used for supporting or setting up work
vertically, and are provided with holes and slots through
which securing bolts can be located. It is made of cast iron
and ground to a high degree of accuracy.
V- blocks usually in a couple are made of cast iron or steel

in case-hardening. They are generally used for holding
circular workpiece for marking out or machining.
Surface Guage or Scribing Block
A surface gauge is very useful when finding the centre
of a piece of round section material. It is normally used to
scribe parallel lines. Its base is heavy and this means it is
stable when in used. Surface gauges sometimes have
magnetic bases and this means they can be locked onto
metal surfaces making it easier to use
Punch
There are two types of punch namely the Dot/Prick Punch and
Centre Punch.
A dot punch has a point angle of 30/40 and it is used for
making of small dots on the reference line.
The centre punch has a point angle of 60 / 90 and it is used
for making a large indent on a workpiece for drilling. Both
punches are made of hardened tool steel
Engineering square
Engineer's square is made of hardened tool steel. It is used for
checking the straightness, parallelism and the squareness of a
workpiece. It can also be used for marking perpendicular lines
onto a workpiece. It is available in a variety of blade length
Surface table and Surface plate
Surface plate is made of malleable cast iron machined to
various grades of accuracy. It has been machined and
scraped to a high degree of flatness. The flat surface is
being used as a datum surface for marking out and for
measuring purposes. If it can stand on the floor, it is called
surface table. For high accuracy inspection work and for
use in standard rooms, surface tables and plates made from
granite are available.
Measuring Tools
The most commonly used measuring

tools are described below
1. Steel rule 2. caliper

3. Depth gauge 3. Vernier caliper
4. Micrometer 5. Gauge block
Steel rule
It is the simplest measuring tool just like a scale used
in fitting shop. Most of the dimensions are measured
by the steel rule in workshops
Cont
There are two major rules to follow when using steel rules to
ensure accuracy:
Due to rules being worn on the edge
over time and use, it is best to start your
measurement from the 1 inch or 1
centimeter mark. Once you have your
measurement, subtract the 1 unit you
started at to get the final measurement.
Make sure the graduated markings are as
close to the area of the part you are
measuring to ensure accuracy. It is best
if the graduated markings are actually
touching the area your measuring to
make it easier to obtain the correct
measurement
USING STEEL RULES
Dont use end as reference point, except with knee..
If no knee, use 1 inch mark as reference.
Use scale
edge.
Care of The Rule
Dont use as screwdriver.
Keep away from moving machinery.
Dont lay other tools on the rule (destroys markings).
Wipe often with oily cloth (prevents rust).
Clean with fine steel wool.
Store rule by itself.
Dont damage ends or edges.
Use correct rule for job.
Coat rule with wax or rust preventative for long storage time.
Caliper
Calipers are the very simple tools used together with a steel
rule for the measurement or comparison of linear
dimensions. An experienced worker can achieve +/-0.05mm
in the measurement. Calipers are classified into two types: -
1. Outside Calipers
Outside calipers are used for measuring external dimensions
such as the length, diameter, or even the thickness of a solid.
Cont
Caliper
2. Inside Calipers
Inside calipers are used for measuring internal dimensions
such as the diameter of a hole, or the width of a slot etc.
Combination set
Combination set s a set of equipment combining the
functions of protractor, engineer square, steel rule, Centre
finder, level rule, and scriber.
Dial Gauges
The principle of dial indicator (dial gauge) is that the linear
mechanical movement of the stylus is magnified and
transferred to the rotation of pointer. The accuracy of dial
indicator can be up to 0.001mm. It is usually used for
calibration of machine.
Vernier caliper
Vernier Calipers are more precise tools capable for
measuring external dimensions, internal dimensions,
and depths. Besides the two pairs of measuring jaws
and the depth gauge, its main features also include a
main scale and a vernier scale.
It works on the principle of vernier and can measure

the dimensions to an accuracy of 0.02 mm. For
making a measurement of external dimensions, the
job is placed between the fixed and the movable jaws
Vernier Caliper, which is commonly used to measure
accurately
(1) outside diameters of shafts,
(2) thicknesses of various parts,
(3) diameters of holes or rings and
(4) internal dimensions of hollow jobs or articles.
1. READ THE VALUE OF THE MAIN (stationary) BAR SCALE WHICH
IS JUST TO THE LEFT AND ABOVE THE '0' ZERO READING ON
THE VERNIER (moveable) SCALE. VALUES WILL BE IN mm
2. THEN ADD THE VALUE ON THE VERNIER (moveable) SCALE

WHICH EXACTLY COINCIDES WITH A LINE ON THE MAIN
(stationary) BAR SCALE. VALUES WILL BE IN 0.1 OR 0.15 mm
The reading here is 3.7 mm or 0.37 cm.
The reading here is 15.8 mm or 1.58 cm.
Give me a reading of:
5.66 cm
4.78 cm
10.12mm
15.38mm
Depth Gauge
Vernier depth gauge is basically employed for checking
depths of blind holes such as grooves, slots, depth of key
ways and heights of shoulders, etc.
The principle on which it works is the same as that of a
vernier caliper. It is available with similar measuring
accuracies.
Vernier height gauge
A vernier height gauge is used for measuring height of an object
or for marking lines onto an object of given distance from a
datum base.
The jaws can be fixed for measuring height or replaced by
scribing jaws according to requirement or need.
Micro meter
Micrometer is precision tool used to
measure upto an accuracy of
0.01mm.
Used to measure outside diameter,
inside diameter and thickness of
objects
Types of micrometers
1. Out side micrometer
2. Inside micrometer
3. Depth micrometer
Micro meter
It consists of the following main parts.
1. Metallic frame
2. Axial graduated sleeve
3. Circumferential screwed spindle
4. Hardened steel anvil
5. Thimble
6. Ratchet stop screw
7. Lock nut
(1) Frame. The U frame of micrometer is made of steel, cast steel, malleable
cast iron or light alloy.
(2) Barrel or Sleeve. It has datum or fiducially line and fixed graduations.
(3) Screwed spindle. It does the actual measuring and possesses threads of
0.5 mm pitch.
(4) Hardened anvil. It protrudes from the frame for a distance of at least 3
mm for holding and supporting the jobs for measurement.
(5) Thimble. This is a tubular cover fastened with the spindle and moves
with the spindle. The beveled edge of the thimble is divided into 50 equal
parts, every fifth being numbered.
(6) Ratchet. This part is commonly recognized as friction stop of the
micrometer, which acts as a precautionary measure also. It is a small
extension to the thimble in which the ratchet slips when the pressure on the
screw exceeds a certain amount. This produces uniform reading and prevents
any damage or distortion of the instrument.
(7) Spindle clamp. It is used to lock the instrument at any desired setting or
at any particular reading
Measure in hundredths of a millimeter (0.01 mm)
One complete turn of thimble = 1/2 mm.
Sleeve marked in millimeters below the line.
Marked in half-millimeters above line.
Thimble marked in 50 divisions.
- Each division = 1/50 of a 1/2 millimeter or 1/100 (.01)mm.
Step 1. Note whole millimeter mark on sleeve.

Step 2. Note whether a half-mm mark is showing
between whole millimeter mark and thimble.
Step 3. Read thimble for hundredths reading.
Step 4. Add readings.
Micrometer Reading
Whole millimeter marks 10 x 1 mm = 10.00 mm

Half millimeter marks 1 x .50 mm = .50 mm
Thimble Reading 16 x .01 mm = .16 mm
Reading 10.66 mm
Exercise
6.33 mm 8.16 mm
4.12 mm 5.50 mm
16.25 mm 6.05 mm
22.11 mm 9.95 mm
3.55 mm 20.57 mm
Care of the Micrometer
Close faces carefully to avoid damage.
Keep micrometer clean. Wipe with oily cloth. Oil threads.
Not too much pressure.
Clean face of anvil and spindle before use.
Check for accuracy. Close faces - should read zero (0).
Dont lay unit where it could fall.
Dont twirl micrometer to open or close a great distance.
Clean and oil for long term storage. Place in box.
Inside Micrometers
For internal measurements larger than 1-1/2 inch
Consists of:
- Micrometer head - Range of 1/2 to 1 inch.
- Extension rods- different lengths inserted in head.
- 1/2 inch spacing collar.
Depth micrometer
Depth gauge micrometers are used to
measure the depth of blind holes, slots, key
ways, etc.
The spindle length can be changed to set the
micrometer for the desired range of
measurement.
To read a depth gauge micrometer you must
visualize the distance that has been covered
by the thimble.
Consists of flat base attached to micrometer sleeve
Extension rod of required length fits through sleeve
and protrudes through base
Held in position by threaded cap on top of
thimble
Come in various lengths up to 9.000 in. (225
mm)
Screw has range: .500 or 1.000 in (25mm)
Available with either round or flat rods
6-41
Depth Dial Gages
6-42
Depth Micrometer
6-43
To Measure with a
Micrometer Depth Gage
Remove burrs from edge of hole

and face
Clean work surface and base of
micrometer
Hold micrometer base against work
surface
Rotate thimble lightlyNumbers
until on bottom
thimble and
of extension rod touches bottom
sleeve of
are reverse
of standard micrometer.
hole
6-44
Recheck micrometer setting
Bevel Protector
Thebevelprotectorisaninstrumentusedfortestingand
measuringangleswithinthelimitsoffiveminutesaccuracy.
Thecommoncomponentsofthisinstrumentarebase,disc
whichisfittedwithapivotatthecentreandcarriesadatum
line.
Onthispivotoftheprotector,thedialisallowedtorotate
whentheclampingnutisreleased.
Theotherunitclampsthebladerigidlytothedial.The
bladecanbemovedlengthwise.
Vernierscaleisalsoprovidedonthedisctotakereading
foraccuratemeasurement.
.
FilletandRadiusGauge
filletandradiusgauge,whichissimilarinconstructiontoa
screwpitchgaugeandcarriesasimilarmetalcasecontaininga
numberofsteelbladesinit.
Onesetofblades,mountedononeendofthecasecarries
concaveendfacesandtheothersetattheotherendofthecase,
carriesblades,whichhaveconvexendformations.
Thisinstrumentishighlyusefulformeasuringandcheckingthe
insideandoutsideradiioffilletsandotherroundsurfaces
ScrewPitchGauge
Screwpitchgauge,whichisahighlyfoolproof,very
effectiveandfairlyaccurateinstrumentusedtoidentifyor
checkthepitchofthethreadscutondifferentthreadeditems.
Itconsistsofacasemadeofmetalcarryingalargenumberof
bladesorthreadedstripswhichhaveteethofdifferentpitches,
cutontheiredgesandmarkingscorrespondingtothesepitches
ontheirsurfaces
Thisgaugecanbecommonlyusedtomeasureorcheckthe
pitchesofbothexternalandinternalthreads.

Thefreeendsofthescrewpitchgaugebladesaregenerally

Thefreeendsofthescrewpitchgaugebladesaregenerally
madenarrowforenablingthemtoenterthehollowpartseasily
whilecheckingtheinternal
threads.
WireGuage
Thewiregaugeisaflatandcircularsteelsheetmetalpiece
havingslotsallalongitsperiphery.
Theseslotshavedifferentstandardsizes,whichareengraved
neartheirbottom.
Thesizeofeachslotrepresentsthecorrectdiameterofthewire
orthicknessofthesheetofwhichitrepresentsthegauge.
Thegaugenumbervariesinverselyasthesizeofthewire.
Thatisthehigherthegaugenumber,thethinnerthewireand
viceversa.
Feeler/thickness Gauge
Afeelergaugeisasimpletoolusedtomeasure
thicknesses.Itismostlyusedinengineeringto
measuringtheclearancebetweentwoparts.
Taper&Parallelfeelergaugeisafeelergaugeof
tapered,asopposedtoparallel,shape
Summary
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CHAPTER 3:-

To indicate the work piece outline or the position of holes,

V- blocks usually in a couple are made of cast iron or steel

The most commonly used measuring

1. Steel rule 2. caliper

It works on the principle of vernier and can measure

2. THEN ADD THE VALUE ON THE VERNIER (moveable) SCALE

Step 1. Note whole millimeter mark on sleeve.

Whole millimeter marks 10 x 1 mm = 10.00 mm

Remove burrs from edge of hole

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