INDUSTRIAL

REVOLUTION AND
TOWN PLANNING
MODULE- 2
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Industrial Revolution was a period from 1750
to 1850 where changes in agriculture, manu
facturing, mining, transportation, and tech
nology had a profound effect on the social,
economic and cultural conditions of the
times.
Major changes in agriculture,
manufacturing, and transportation profoundly
affected socioeconomic; cultural conditions in
Britain.
The onset marked a major turning point in
human society; almost every aspect of daily
life was eventually influenced in some way.
Spread throughout Western Europe ; North
America during1 4th century, eventually affec
ting most of the world
 industrialization marked a shift to
powered, special-purpose machinery,
factories and mass-production.
The iron and textile industries, along
with the development of the steam
engine, played central role in the
industrial revolution. Which also saw
the improved system of transportation,
communication and banking.
Wood was the main source of energy
which was replaced by coal.
Iron and steel became essential
materials used to make everything from
appliances, tools and techniques,
buildings and infrastructure.
BASIC CHANGES:

1765, James Watt invented steam engine, by which mechanical power i

ndependent of hand power.
Leading to an increase in production, trade and development of factorie
s.
Industrialization started factories which attracted workers which
lead to increase in demand in dwelling, shops and schools.
Change in socio-economic scene. Society became class-oriented.
With increment of the need for raw materials for the industries, coloniza
tion started.
Geographically, areas which were not necessarily good for agriculture a
lso started developing due to industrialization.
DEVELOPMENT IN TRANSPORTATION:
The Utopians-The first signs towards better planned cities

The depressed condition of housing for the poor moved some nineteenth century indus
trial leaders who recognized that their present privileged state was actually dependent o
n the efforts of the workers either directly or
indirectly.
A number of Utopian communities were proposed. One such plan was put
forward by Robert Owen.
Owen was thee proprietor of a cotton mill in Manchester, England where he successfully
introduced reforms in working conditions.
In 1816, he put forth an unusual plan for a cooperative community that
combined industry & agriculture. It was designed to hold 1200 people.
Dwellings were grouped about a large open space in which communal
buildings were located. Surrounding the dwelling areas were large gardens.
This entire area in turn was encircled by a main roadway. On one side of the
compound were factories & workshops.
Beyond, on all sides was the agricultural belt, to range in size from
1000 to 1500 acres.
Owen intended his plan for the use of the unemployed, he assumed that the community
would become self-supporting & thereby reduce the heavy cost of public relief.
BASIC CHANGES:

1765, James Watt invented steam engine, by which mechanical power i

ndependent of hand power.
Leading to an increase in production, trade and development of factorie
s.
Industrialization started factories which attracted workers which
lead to increase in demand in dwelling, shops and schools.
Change in socio-economic scene. Society became class-oriented.
With increment of the need for raw materials for the industries, coloniza
tion started.
Geographically, areas which were not necessarily good for agriculture a
lso started developing due to industrialization.
THE GARDEN CITY
THE GARDEN CITY
PATRICK GEDDES

He classified the towns broadly

into three categories:
primary,
secondary, and
tertiary.
The primary towns produce mainly human necessities,
e.g agricultural village.
The secondary towns act as centers of exchange,
e.g marketing town.
The tertiary towns provide residential, recreational & educational facilities.
No single town can be placed in one category only. There is bound to b
e overlapping.
He introduced the concept of "region" to architecture and
planning and coined the term "conurbation".
PATRICK GEDDES

In 1892 Patrick Geddes founded

the Outlook Tower in Edinburgh, a
center from which he wished to study th
e whole complex of urban life. He
insisted upon a view of all phases of hu
man existence as the base of
operations, an integration of physical pla
nning with social & economic
improvements. The principle does
not sound unfamiliar today, but it was ne
w when Geddes expressed it.
Patrick Geddes gave voice to the
necessity for what was later to
become Regional Planning.
.
PATRICK GEDDES

He visited India in 1915 to advise the Governor of Madras on re-

planning & redevelopment of old towns.
He gave expert advise for the improvement of 18 major towns in India.
He insisted that a correct diagnosis should be made of evil effects from
which the town suffers & then to prescribe the remedies to improve such
towns through Conservative Surgery.
He had successfully overcome the horrors of Edinburgh slums before
coming to India. (English Town Planning Act of 1909 was the source of
all T.P Acts in India.) He also coined the term Urban Conurbation.
PATRICK GEDDES CONTRIBUTION TO TOWN-PLANNING IN
INDIA:1914-1924

In later life he spent around ten years in India, advising on the renovation
of the poor slum parts of several cities by what he called Conservative
Surgery, that is opening the streets up to air and light by demolishing
the worst houses, while saving and renovating where at all possible.

Conservative Surgery - India

When planning in an existing area Geddes held to the view that
Diagnosis before Treatment was required and that Conservative
Surgery was usually more appropriate and sympathetic to an area -
involving the least disturbance.
PATRICK GEDDES IN INDIA

His principles for town planning in Bombay demonstrate his views on the
relationship between social processes and spatial form, and the intimate and
causal connections between the social development of the individual and
the cultural and physical environment.
They included: ( Bombay Town Planning Act of 1915")
Preservation of human life and energy, rather than superficial
beautification. Conformity to an orderly development plan carried out in
stages.
Purchasing land suitable for building.
Promoting trade and commerce.
Preserving historic buildings and buildings of religious significance.
Developing a city worthy of civic pride, not an imitation of European
cities.
Promoting the happiness, health and comfort of all residents, rather
than focusing on roads and parks available only to the rich.
Control over future growth with adequate provision for future
requirements.
Three concerns

Geddes wrote nearly 50 town plans in India,. Running through these plans
are three central themes.
1. Respect for Nature:
The first shall be termed "Respect for Nature". His approach to town
planning was deeply ecological, emphasising a city's relationship to its
water sources, the promotion of parks and trees, the importance of
recycling, and the lessening of dependence on the resources of the
hinterland.

2. Respect for Democracy

The second of Geddes's themes is what is called "Respect for
Democracy". He insisted that the residents of a city must help design plans
made for them. His own plans paid special attention to the needs of such
disadvantaged groups as women, children, and the low castes.
In the Changar Mohalla of Lahore, he was appalled by a scheme for re-
development which planned to destroy five mosques, two dharamsalas,
tombs and temples, and shops and dwellings. It spared only one building:
the Police Station.
Three concerns

3. Respect for Tradition

The third of Geddes's core ideas may be termed the "Respect for Tradition".
After a visit to Nadiad, in Gujarat, he said the town planner must have an
"appreciation of all that is best in the old domestic architecture of Indian
cities and of renewing this where it has fallen away". It was absurd to
destroy, as being "out of date, fine old carven housefronts, which Western
museums would treasure and Western artists be proud to emulate".
Conurbations Theory

The term "conurbation" was coined in 1915 by Patrick Geddes in his book
Cities In Evolution.
Internationally, the term "urban agglomeration" is often used to convey a
similar meaning to "conurbation".
A conurbation is a region comprising a number of cities, large towns, and
other urban areas that, through population growth and physical expansion,
have merged to form one continuous urban and industrially developed area.
He drew attention to the ability of the (then) new technology of electric power
and motorised transport to allow cities to spread and agglomerate together, and
gave as examples "Midland ton" in England, the Ruhr in Germany, Ramstad in
the Netherlands, New York-Boston in the United States, the Greater Tokyo Area
and Taiheiy Belt in Japan and NCR of Delhi in India.
Conurbations Theory

In most cases, a conurbation is a polycentric urban agglomeration, in

which transportation has developed to link areas to create a single urban
labour market or travel to work area.
Examples of Conurbation NEW YORK
PATRICK GEDDES in INDORE

During his ten year long stay in India, Geddes travelled extensively, but his
work in the city of Indore is remembered as a classic example of his holistic
approach in town planning.
The Maharaja of Indore invited Geddes to Indore in 1918 to improve the
malaria and plague infested conditions of the city.
After spending eight months of thorough field investigation and
consultations, he prepared a detailed report on the problem and its
determinants, and suggested the establishment of a University that would
train students for civic reconstruction in Indore and elsewhere.
Geddes conducted another social experiment in the city that not only
helped to free the city from plague but also instilled in the residents
enthusiasm to participate in cleaning and maintaining their neighbourhoods
and the city.
PATRICK GEDDES in INDORE

After widely announcing that the new festive procession would not follow either the traditional
Hindu or Moslem route through the city, but take instead the one along which
most houses had been cleaned and repaired, P.G. and the mayor enlisted the aid of each priest and
mullah by having the roads and pavements outside all temples and mosques cleaned and mended,
and trees planted around them. Free removal of rubbish was advertised far and wide and in the
six weeks of preparation for this special Diwali, over 6,000 loads were carted away from homes
and courtyards, with much inconvenience to the rats formerly housed therein.
These plague-spreading pests were trapped by the thousands in the city and along the river
banks. Meanwhile a wave of housecleaning, painting, and repairing swept through every
quarter of Indore, for each one wanted to win the honour of having the procession pass
along its streets.

Following this Goddess were big models of the public library, museum, theatre, and other
buildings P.G. Had projected; and a whole group of floats contained models of the private homes
that were to replace slum dwellings. Next came floats representing all the crafts, on which
masons, potters and others busily acted out their parts.
PATRICK GEDDES in INDORE

Then the future gardens: great drays laden with fruit-laden banana plants, papayas and more:
and with flowers as well, and sacks of fruit, to toss to children.

And to wind up all, a dray giving away innumerable tiny pots with seedlings of the Tulsi plant,
(Ocymum sanctum of Linnaeus) the sacred basil of European poets, which is the central symbol
of the well-kept Hindu home.

POSITIVE RESULTS
The results of this dramatised lesson in civics were quickly apparent. A new spirit of house-pride
and self-confidence spread among the Indians whom generations of disease had defeated and
discouraged; even the sweepers performed their humble tasks with
renewed zeal. Practically all of the thousand plots laid out in garden suburbs were taken up in a
short time. But most important of all, the plague came to an end, partly
through cleaning up the city and partly because its season was
over. Geddes was the leading figure in Indore, and people followed him in the streets,
pointed at him, talked excitedly. Now they called him the old Sahib thats charmed away the
plague!
Key Features Of Urban Planning In India:-

Urban Planning in India includes (but is not confined to) the following -
Town planning
Regulation of land use for residential and commercial purposes
Construction of buildings
Planning for economic development
Planning for social development

Constructions of bridges, Construction of roads

Water supply for domestic use, industrial and commercial purposes
Public health care management
Sewerage, sanitation and solid waste management
Proper fire services
Urban forestation and maintenance
Protection of environment through sustainable development
Promotion of ecological balance and maintenance
Safeguarding the interests of weaker sections of society
Offering proper infrastructural help to the handicapped and mentally retarded
population of the society
Organized slum improvement