Materials

Material Selection
Types of Metals
Ferrous - Contains some iron

Non-Ferrous - No iron content, ex. (Al and Cu)
Basic properties of Metals and Non-Metals
Here are some :

Metals : Good conductors of heat and electricity
Malleable and Ductile to some extent
Electron donors, (Cations), High Densities
High Tensile Strengths
Solid at room temperature except for MERCURY
Can be given a shine
Non-Metals : Brittle
No shine
Electron acceptors, (Anions)
Bad conductors of heat and electricity
Semi-Metals : Some properties of both
(e.g. Silicon, (Si), is used in semi-conductors for the computer industry.)
States of Matter
There are 3 States of Matter. They are :

Solid : Definite shape and volume.
Liquid : Definite volume but takes the shape of
the container.
Gas : No definite volume and no definite shape.
The State of Matter depends on the temperature and the
pressure
Carbon and Alloy Steels
Carbon Steel - Alloy of iron and carbon
Low carbon steel - Up to .15% carbon
Mild carbon steel - .15% to .29% carbon
Medium carbon steel - .30% to .59% carbon
High carbon steel - .60% to 1.7% carbon
Mild Steel - Same as above
Low Alloy Steel - 1-1/2% to 5% alloy content

High Alloy Steel - Contains more than 10% alloy
ALLOYING ELEMENTS
Carbon (C) - Increases strength and hardness

Manganese (Mn) - Deoxidizer; also increases
strength and hardness
Silicon (Si) - Deoxidizer and increases puddle
fluidity
Aluminum (Al) - Deoxidizer and grain refiner
Titanium (Ti) - Deoxidizer and grain refiner
Zirconium (Zr) - Deoxidizer and grain refiner
ALLOYING ELEMENTS
Molybdenum (Mo) - Increases strength and

depth of hardening
Chromium (Cr) - Increases corrosion resistance
and hardening
Nickel (Ni) - Increases toughness and corrosion
resistance
Copper (Cu) - Improves corrosion resistance
Sulfur (S) - Causes brittleness but improves
mach inability
Phosphorus (P) - Greatly reduces ductility
and toughness
Microstructural changes of Steel
Representation of what these different composition of steels

. look like, under a microscope
Ferrite, which we also know as Alpha Iron, can only dissolve

small amount of carbon.It has a white appearance
Ferrite + Pearlite
These two solids combine to form a mixture called Pearlite, which

contains alternating layers of Ferrite and Cementite. Because there
is more Ferrite in the Pearlite it has a white/silver sheen.
Cementite has a dark appearance.
At the Eutectoid Point the solid Austenite changes into the two
solid phases called Ferrite and Cementite.
.
ASME P-Numbers
P-Numbers Base Metal (Typical or Example)

1 Carbon Manganese Steels (four Group Numbers)
2 Not Used
3 Half Molybdenum or half Chromium, half Molybdenum (three Group Numbers)
4 One and a quarter Chromium, half Molybdenum (two Group Numbers)
5A Two and a quarter Chromium, one Molybdenum
Five Chromium, half Molybdenum or nine Chromium, one Molybdenum (two Group
5B
Numbers)
5C Chromium, Molybdenum, Vanadium (five Group Numbers)
6 Martensitic Stainless Steels (Grade 410, 415, 429) (six Group Numbers)
7 Ferritic Stainless Steels (Grade 409, 430)
Austenitic Stainless Steels

Group 1 - Grades 304, 316, 317, 347
8 Group 2 - Grades 309, 310
Group 3 - High Manganese Grades
Group 4 - High Molybdenum Grades
ASME P-Numbers
9A, B, C Two to four Nickel Steels
10A, B, C, F Various low alloy steels
10H Duplex and Super Duplex Stainless Steel (Grades 31803, 32750)
10I High Chromium Stainless Steel
10J High Chromium, Molybdenum Stainless Steel
10K High Chromium, Molybdenum, Nickel Stainless Steel
11A Various high strength low alloy steels (six Group Numbers)
11B Various high strength low alloy steels (ten Group Numbers)
12 to 20 Not Used
ASME P-Numbers
21 High Aluminum content (1000 and 3000 series)
22 Aluminum (5000 series - 5052, 5454)
23 Aluminum (6000 series 6061, 6063)
24 Not Used
25 Aluminum (5000 series - 5083, 5086, 5456)
26 to 30 Not used
31 High Copper content
32 Brass
33 Copper Silicone
34 Copper Nickel
35 Copper Aluminum
ASME P-Numbers
36 to 40 Not Used
41 High Nickel content
42 Nickel, Copper - (Monel 500)
43 Nickel, Chromium, Iron - (Inconel)
44 Nickel, Molybdenum (Hastelloy B2, C22, C276, X)
45 Nickel, Chromium
46 Nickel, Chromium, Silicone
47 Nickel, Chromium, Tungsten
47 to 50 Not Used
51, 52, 53 Titanium Alloys
61, 62 Zirconium Alloys

Cast Iron
C is good cathode
but improves mech
Grey
properties
White
When cast white on exterior and grey on interior.

Problems when machining
Mg sometimes added for strength
1 2 % Si may be added for strength
Cast Iron: Mechanical Properties
Tensile strength: 50000 psi

Fatigue limit: 20000 psi
Max working temperature: 400 500 oC
Brittle at low temperature
Welding: Possible but difficult
Machining: Good
Elongation: 3 to 18 %
Cast Iron Applications and Cost
Complex cast shapes

Sulphuric acid plant > 70 %
Water, seawater lines
Neutral salt solutions
Alkaline solutions
Nitrating vessels
Cheapest (5 30 cents per pound fabricated)

Carbon Steel - General
Brittle at temperature less than 50 oC.

Tensile strength ~ 60000 psi
Ductile (elongation ~ 30 %)
Carbon content ~ 2 %
Can be hot rolled and extruded: Suitable for chemical plant
construction on or off-site
Killed steel add Al
Carbon Steel Applications
Cheapest mech reliable steel

Corrosion is often accepted
Use wherever possible
At temperature greater than 500 oC, oxidation of the metal
and strength decrease.
Stainless Steels
Alloys of Fe-Cr-Ni
Passivity Uniformity
Promotes formation of a phase in which
CrxCys are more soluble
Weld decay
Alloy with Titanium (4 x C)
Use low carbon stainless steel (eg 304 L)
Alloying with Mo improves corrosion resistance to non
oxidizing acids (316)
Stainless Steel Properties (304 L)
Tensile strength: 80000 psi

Good at high temperature. Has 2 x allowable stress than
mild steel @ 500 oC
Brittle at low temperature
Welding: Good electric arc. Can be welded to mild steel
with special welding rods
Can be used to clad mild steel
Elongation: 55 % (v. ductile)
Good impact resistance
Nickel Alloys General Properties
Major use of Ni is alloying element
BEST METAL for high conc, high temp alkaline (passive)
TS: 60000 psi
Good high and low temperature properties
Add NI to Steel changes min working temperature
3.5 % = - 100 oC, 9 % = -200 oC.
High thermoductility
Good machining properties
Expensive (~$4 7 per pound fabricated)
Acid Solutions: Corrosion based on nobility, alkaline based
on passivity. If chlorides will pit.
Used in industries where Fe will cause discoloration
Ni-Mo Alloys
Hastelloy B: 28 % Mo, 5 % Fe, TS: 130000 psi, elongation

50 %
Hastelloy C: 15 % Mo, 17 % Cr, - excellent resistance to
acids.
10 % Si casting alloy: 8.5 % Ni, 10 % Si, 3 % Cu, TS
115000 psi.
All have outstanding corrosion resistance including
concentrated HCl (dilute HCl use monel)
Copper Alloys
Excellent thermal conductivity

Welding used deoxidized rods (0.02 0.08 % P) as oxygen
will segregate around the grains and cause cracking.
Ductile at low temperatures
Max Temp:
Cost approx same as stainless steel.

Easily worked.
Copper Alloys
Corrosion resistance based on nobility

Does not evolve hydrogen: Thus oxygen usually present
Do not use with oxidizing acids
OK in alkaline
Neutral: Low corrosion rate due to film production
Complexing agentsArrggghhh
Fine for acetic, lactic and formic acids
Major Problem with Cu: Erosion-Corrosion
Also discolours
Aluminum
Corrosion resistance is based on passivity.

Poor mech properties (10000 20000 psi TS)
Ad 3 % Mg (TS 30000 psi). But reduces the corrosion
resistance.
Light weight, high thermoductility
Fusion welding (tungsten metal arc + inert gas)
Cost $1.50 per pound fabrication
Corrosion resistance is better than indicated by P-D
Can be coupled with stainless steel
Titanium
Strong like Arnold, with excellent corrosion resistance

based on passivity. TS: 44000 to 100000 psi
Very light weight (4.5 g/cm3 v/s 7.9 g/cm3 for CS)
Expensive. Often used as lining
Thermoductility is OK use in thin sections
Can be passivated
by hydrogen
evolution reaction Add Pt or Pd
and make
passivation
easier
Zirconium
Similar mechanical properties to C-S but almost

transparent to neutrons.
Corrosion rate is based upon passivity
Good for all concentrations of HCL at temperature less
than bpt.
No good with HF
OK with medium concs of sulphuric and nitric acid up to
200 oC.
Cost $50 per pound fabricated

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Material Selection

Ferrous - Contains some iron

Here are some :

There are 3 States of Matter. They are :

Mild Steel - Same as above

Low Alloy Steel - 1-1/2% to 5% alloy content

Carbon (C) - Increases strength and hardness

Molybdenum (Mo) - Increases strength and

Representation of what these different composition of steels

Ferrite, which we also know as Alpha Iron, can only dissolve

These two solids combine to form a mixture called Pearlite, which

P-Numbers Base Metal (Typical or Example)

Austenitic Stainless Steels

9A, B, C Two to four Nickel Steels

10A, B, C, F Various low alloy steels

10I High Chromium Stainless Steel

10J High Chromium, Molybdenum Stainless Steel

10K High Chromium, Molybdenum, Nickel Stainless Steel

21 High Aluminum content (1000 and 3000 series)

22 Aluminum (5000 series - 5052, 5454)

23 Aluminum (6000 series 6061, 6063)

25 Aluminum (5000 series - 5083, 5086, 5456)

31 High Copper content

41 High Nickel content

42 Nickel, Copper - (Monel 500)

43 Nickel, Chromium, Iron - (Inconel)

44 Nickel, Molybdenum (Hastelloy B2, C22, C276, X)

46 Nickel, Chromium, Silicone

47 Nickel, Chromium, Tungsten

51, 52, 53 Titanium Alloys

61, 62 Zirconium Alloys

When cast white on exterior and grey on interior.

Tensile strength: 50000 psi

Complex cast shapes

Cheapest (5 30 cents per pound fabricated)

Brittle at temperature less than 50 oC.

Cheapest mech reliable steel

Tensile strength: 80000 psi

Hastelloy B: 28 % Mo, 5 % Fe, TS: 130000 psi, elongation

Excellent thermal conductivity

Cost approx same as stainless steel.

Corrosion resistance based on nobility

Corrosion resistance is based on passivity.

Strong like Arnold, with excellent corrosion resistance

Similar mechanical properties to C-S but almost

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