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    Pointers

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    Vinod Srivastava
    The document discusses integer representation in C++. It explains that integers can be represented in decimal or hexadecimal form. Decimal integers use digits 0-9, while hexadecimal integers use digits 0-9 and A-F. The document provides examples of declaring decimal and hexadecimal integer variables in C++. It also demonstrates outputting the values in both forms using cout. Finally, it introduces the concept of pointers in C++ by showing how to declare pointer variables and use the address of and dereference operators.

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    Pointers

    Uploaded by

    Vinod Srivastava
    25 views21 pages
    The document discusses integer representation in C++. It explains that integers can be represented in decimal or hexadecimal form. Decimal integers use digits 0-9, while hexadecimal integers use digits 0-9 and A-F. The document provides examples of declaring decimal and hexadecimal integer variables in C++. It also demonstrates outputting the values in both forms using cout. Finally, it introduces the concept of pointers in C++ by showing how to declare pointer variables and use the address of and dereference operators.

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    The document discusses integer representation in C++. It explains that integers can be represented in decimal or hexadecimal form. Decimal integers use digits 0-9, while hexadecimal integers use digits 0-9 and A-F. The document provides examples of declaring decimal and hexadecimal integer variables in C++. It also demonstrates outputting the values in both forms using cout. Finally, it introduces the concept of pointers in C++ by showing how to declare pointer variables and use the address of and dereference operators.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    25 views21 pages

    Pointers

    Uploaded by

    Vinod Srivastava
    The document discusses integer representation in C++. It explains that integers can be represented in decimal or hexadecimal form. Decimal integers use digits 0-9, while hexadecimal integers use digits 0-9 and A-F. The document provides examples of declaring decimal and hexadecimal integer variables in C++. It also demonstrates outputting the values in both forms using cout. Finally, it introduces the concept of pointers in C++ by showing how to declare pointer variables and use the address of and dereference operators.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 21

    VKS-LEARNING HUB

    TEXT FILE
    HANDLING
    VKS-LEARNING HUB

    In a programming language like C++, it is possible to represent


    an integer constant in different form. Generally an integer value
    is represented as a Decimal integer. A decimal integer value
    consists of any 10 digits (0-9). Integers 29, 73545, 8545, -34,
    -428954 and 3945 are example of Decimal integer values.

    In C++ it is also possible to represent an integer as a


    Hexadecimal integer. A Hexadecimal integer value consists
    of 16 digits (0-9, A-F). Integers 2A, 4B6C, ABCD and F16 are
    example of Hexadecimal integer constant. In a C++ program
    Hexadecimal integer constant is prefixed by 0x. For example
    1B4C is a Hexadecimal integer constant but in C++ program
    it will be represented as 0x1B4C.
    VKS-LEARNING HUB

    An example of decimal integer and Hexadecimal integer is


    given below:
    Variable hi is assigned a Hexadecimal
    #include<iostream.h> integer constant while variable di is
    void main() assigned Decimal integer constant. First 2
    { outputs display values stored in variables
    int hi=0x1B4C; hi and di as Decimal integer. Last 2
    outputs display values stored in variables
    int di=174911;
    hi and di as Hexadecimal integer.

    cout<<"Dec="<<hi<<","<<"Dec="<<di<<endl;
    cout.setf(ios::hex, ios::basefield);
    cout<<"Hex="<<hi<<","<<"Hex="<<di<<endl;
    }

    Running of the program produces following output:


    Dec=6988,Dec=174911
    Hex=1B4C,Hex= 2AB3F
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    Each variable is assigned a memory slot (the size depends


    on the data type) and the variables data is stored there
    VKS-LEARNING HUB

    Pointer

    A variable in C++ has three characteristics


    data type of the variable,
    value stored in the variable
    the address of variable.

    a b Variable Names

    2014 89.7 Values Stored


    Address of the
    0012ff88 0012ff80 Variables
    VKS-LEARNING HUB

    So far in our programming examples we have only


    used the first two characteristics, that is, data type of
    the variable and the value stored in the variable.
    Address of a variable represents the location of the
    variable in the computers main storage (RAM

    To get an address of a variable we use address


    operator (&) before a variable name.

    In C++ address of a variable is also known as Pointer.


    Pointer (address) is displayed as a Hexadecimal
    integer.

    An pointer will display address except for a pointer to


    a character.
    VKS-LEARNING HUB

    #include<iostream.h> Variable a is assigned a


    void main() value 20 and variable b is
    { assigned a value 88.5.
    int a=2014; First two outputs display
    double b=89.7; value stored in the variable
    a and b.
    cout<<"a="<<a<<",b="<<b<<endl; Last two outputs display
    cout<<"&a="<<&a<<",&b="<<&b; address of the variables a
    } and b. Addresses of the
    Running of the program produces variables are displayed as
    following output: Hexadecimal integers.
    a= 2014 , b= 89.7
    &a= 0x0012ff88 , &b= 0x0012ff80
    VKS-LEARNING HUB

    Pointer Variable
    To store an address of a variable we need to create a special
    type of variable called Pointer variable. Creating a Pointer
    variable is similar to creating a variable of fundamental data
    type or array type.

    .
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    Rule: DataType* PointerVarName;


    DataType *PointerVarName;
    DataType *PointerVarName1, *PointerVarName1, ;

    DataType could be fundamental data type or


    derived data type like structure type or class type.
    Operator star (*) is needed between DataType and
    PointerVarName. Operator star (*) implies that the
    variable that is being created is Pointer type. When
    using the Pointer variable in the program, operator
    star (*) is never used, that is, in the program only
    PointerVarName will be used
    VKS-LEARNING HUB

    Pointer Declaration
    Thus, the character * can appear
    anywhere between the data type
    name and the variable name.
    VKS-LEARNING HUB

    What is the Pointer Value


    VKS-LEARNING HUB

    Pointer Declaration
    int* p, q;
    In this statement:
    only p is the pointer variable, not q.
    Here, q is an int variable.
    we prefer to attach the character * to
    the variable name. So the preceding
    statement is written as:
    int *p, q;
    VKS-LEARNING HUB

    Pointer Operators
    C++ provides two operators operator
    to work with pointers.

    (&) the address of operator

    (*) the dereferencing


    VKS-LEARNING HUB

    Address of Operator (&)


    is a unary operator that returns the
    address of its operand.
    For example, given the statements:
    int x;
    int *p;
    The statement:
    p = &x;
    assigns the address of x to p. That is, x
    and the value of p refer to the same
    memory location
    VKS-LEARNING HUB

    Dereferencing Operator (*)


    referred to as indirection operator
    refers to the object to which its
    operand (that is, the pointer) points.
    For example, given the statements:
    p X
    2
    5
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    Dereferencing Operator
    (*)
    VKS-LEARNING HUB

    Dereferencing Operator
    (*)
    Consider the following statements.

    1. num = 78;

    2. p = &num;

    3. *p = 24;
    VKS-LEARNING HUB

    Example
    #include <iostream.h>
    #include <string>
    //===============================
    void main() {
    int *p;
    int x = 37;
    cout <<"x= " << x<<endl;
    p=&x;
    cout <<"*p= "<< *p <<" , x= "<<x<<endl;
    *p=85;
    cout <<"*P= " <<*p <<" , x= "<<x<<endl;
    cout <<" Address of p is : "<< &p <<endl;
    cout<<"value of p : "<< p<<endl;
    cout<< " value of memory location pointed to by *p = "<<*p<<endl;
    cout<<"Address of X = " << &x<<endl;
    cout <<" Value of x = " << x<<endl;
    }
    VKS-LEARNING HUB
    VKS-LEARNING HUB
    VKS-LEARNING HUB

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