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    Oop Lab 2 PDF

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    AbuZar Akbar
    1. Pointers are variables that store memory addresses in C++ and allow direct manipulation of memory. They are used to access and modify the values stored at those addresses. 2. Each variable in C++ has a unique memory address that can be obtained using the & operator. Pointers store these addresses and can then be dereferenced using the * operator to access and modify the variable's value. 3. Common uses of pointers include passing arguments by reference, dynamically allocating memory, and accessing array elements by their memory address rather than by subscript. Pointers are a fundamental part of lower-level languages like C++ that allow direct memory access.

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    Oop Lab 2 PDF

    Uploaded by

    AbuZar Akbar
    52 views7 pages
    1. Pointers are variables that store memory addresses in C++ and allow direct manipulation of memory. They are used to access and modify the values stored at those addresses. 2. Each variable in C++ has a unique memory address that can be obtained using the & operator. Pointers store these addresses and can then be dereferenced using the * operator to access and modify the variable's value. 3. Common uses of pointers include passing arguments by reference, dynamically allocating memory, and accessing array elements by their memory address rather than by subscript. Pointers are a fundamental part of lower-level languages like C++ that allow direct memory access.

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    1. Pointers are variables that store memory addresses in C++ and allow direct manipulation of memory. They are used to access and modify the values stored at those addresses. 2. Each variable in C++ has a unique memory address that can be obtained using the & operator. Pointers store these addresses and can then be dereferenced using the * operator to access and modify the variable's value. 3. Common uses of pointers include passing arguments by reference, dynamically allocating memory, and accessing array elements by their memory address rather than by subscript. Pointers are a fundamental part of lower-level languages like C++ that allow direct memory access.

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    52 views7 pages

    Oop Lab 2 PDF

    Uploaded by

    AbuZar Akbar
    1. Pointers are variables that store memory addresses in C++ and allow direct manipulation of memory. They are used to access and modify the values stored at those addresses. 2. Each variable in C++ has a unique memory address that can be obtained using the & operator. Pointers store these addresses and can then be dereferenced using the * operator to access and modify the variable's value. 3. Common uses of pointers include passing arguments by reference, dynamically allocating memory, and accessing array elements by their memory address rather than by subscript. Pointers are a fundamental part of lower-level languages like C++ that allow direct memory access.

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    of 7

    Object Oriented Programing

    Target: Pointers and Arrays

    C++ Pointers
    In this lab, you'll learn everything about pointers. You'll learn how values are stored in the
    computer and how to access them using pointers.

    Pointers are powerful features of C++ that differentiates it from other programming
    languages like Java and Python.

    Pointers are used in C++ program to access the memory and manipulate the address.

    Address in C++
    To understand pointers, you should first know how data is stored on the computer.

    Each variable you create in your program is assigned a location in the computer's
    memory. The value the variable stores is actually stored in the location assigned.

    To know where the data is stored, C++ has an & operator. The & (reference) operator
    gives you the address occupied by a variable.

    If var is a variable then, &var gives the address of that variable.


    Example 1: Address in C++
    1. int main()
    2. {
    3. int var1 = 3;
    4. cout << &var1 << endl;
    5. }

    Output

    0x7fff5fbff8ac

    Note: You may not get the same result on your system.

    Pointers Variables
    C++ gives you the power to manipulate the data in the computer's memory directly. You
    can assign and de-assign any space in the memory as you wish. This is done using
    Pointer variables.

    Pointers variables are variables that points to a specific address in the memory pointed
    by another variable.

    How to declare a pointer?


    int *p;

    OR,

    int* p;

    The statement above defines a pointer variable p. It holds the memory address
    The asterisk is a dereference operator which means pointer to.
    Here, pointer p is a pointer to int, i.e., it is pointing to an integer value in the memory
    address.

    Reference operator (&) and Deference operator (*)


    Reference operator (&) as discussed above gives the address of a variable.

    To get the value stored in the memory address, we use the dereference operator (*).

    For example: If a number variable is stored in the memory address 0x123, and it
    contains a value 5.
    The reference (&) operator gives the value 0x123, while the dereference (*) operator
    gives the value 5.
    Note: The (*) sign used in the declaration of C++ pointer is not the dereference pointer.
    It is just a similar notation that creates a pointer.

    Example: C++ Pointers


    C++ Program to demonstrate the working of pointer.
    1. int main()
    2. {
    3. int *pc, c;
    4.
    5. c = 5;
    6. cout << "Address of c: " << &c << endl;
    7. cout << "Value of c: " << c << endl;
    8.
    9. pc = &c; // Pointer pc holds the memory address of variable c
    10. cout << "Address that pointer pc holds "<< pc << endl;
    11. cout << "Content of the address pointer pc holds " << *pc << endl;
    12.
    13. c = 11; // The content inside memory address &c is changed from 5 to
    14. 11.
    15. cout << "Address pointer pc holds " << pc << endl;
    16. cout << "Content of the address pointer pc holds: " << *pc << endl;
    17.
    18. *pc = 2;
    19. cout << "Address of c: " << &c << endl;
    20. cout << "Value of c: " << c << endl;
    21.
    22. return 0;
    23. }

    Output
    Address of c: 0x7fff5fbff80c
    Value of c: 5

    Address that pointer pc holds: 0x7fff5fbff80c


    Content of the address pointer pc holds: 5

    Address pointer pc holds: 0x7fff5fbff80c


    Content of the address pointer pc holds: 11

    Address of c: 0x7fff5fbff80c
    Value of c: 2

    Common mistakes when working with pointers


    Suppose you want pointer pc to point to the address of c. Then,

    int c, *pc;
    pc=c; /* Wrong! pc is address whereas, c is not an address. */

    *pc=&c; /* Wrong! *pc is the value pointed by address whereas, &c is an address.
    */

    pc=&c; /* Correct! pc is an address and, &pc is also an address. */

    *pc=c; /* Correct! *pc is the value pointed by address and, c is also a value. */

    In both cases, pointer pc is not pointing to the address of c.

    C++ Call by Reference: Using pointers


    This method used is called passing by value because the actual value is passed. There
    is another way of passing an argument to a function where the actual value of the
    argument is not passed. Instead, only the reference to that value is passed.

    Example: Passing by reference using pointers

    int main()
    {
    int a = 1, b = 2;
    swap(&a, &b);
    cout << a << endl;
    cout << b << endl;
    return 0;
    }

    void swap(int* n1, int* n2)


    {
    int temp;
    temp = *n1;
    *n1 = *n2;
    *n2 = temp;
    }

    Output

    a = 1
    b = 2

    C++ Pointers and Arrays


    Pointers are the variables that hold address. Not only can pointers store address of a
    single variable, it can also store address of cells of an array.

    Consider this example:

    int* ptr;

    int a[5];

    ptr = &a[2]; // &a[2] is the address of third element of a[5].

    Since ptr points to the third element.

    C++ Program to insert and display data entered by using pointer notation.

    int main() {
    float arr[5];

    // Inserting data using pointer notation


    cout << "Enter 5 numbers: ";
    for (int i = 0; i < 5; ++i) {
    cin >> *(arr + i) ;
    }

    // Displaying data using pointer notation


    cout << "Displaying data: " << endl;
    for (int i = 0; i < 5; ++i) {
    cout << *(arr + i) << endl ;
    }
    return 0;
    }

    Output

    Enter 5 numbers: 2.5


    3.5
    4.5
    5
    2
    Displaying data:
    2.5
    3.5
    4.5
    5
    2

    Lab Task:

    Question 1: Declare three integers x, y and sum and three pointers xPtr, yPtr, sumPtr.
    Point three pointers to their respective variable.
    Take input in x and y using xPtr and yPtr. Do not use direct references i.e. x and y
    integers
    Add x and y and save the result in sum. Do not use direct references i.e. x, y and sum
    integers
    Print addition’s result. For example, if user entered x = 5 and y = 9 your program should
    print: 5 + 9 = 14. Do not use direct references i.e. x, y and sum integers
    Note: You have to do all the processing using pointers i.e. indirect references to
    variables.

    Question 2: Write a program to find the factorial of a number using pointers

    Question 3: Rewrite the following loop so it uses pointer notation (with the indirection
    operator) instead of subscript notation.
    for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
    cout << array[i] << endl;

    Question 4: Write a function which will take pointer and display the number on screen.
    Take number from user and print it on screen using that function.

    Question 5: Write a C++ program to accept five integer values and print the elements
    of the array in reverse order using a pointer.

    Question 6: Make an array of 6 elements, find the largest number from the array and
    show the value and address of that element using pointer

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