Siti Balqis Syifa Binti Mohamad Bukhari 2130125

SITI BALQIS SYIFA BINTI
MOHAMAD BUKHARI
2130125
Final Year Project 1
Bachelor of Electrical & Electronic

Engineering (Power)
Supervisor : Dr. Mohd Taufiq Bin Ishak

INVESTIGATION OF AGEING
CHARACTERISTICS ON THE AC
BREAKDOWN VOLTAGE OF
PALM OIL UNDER the
PRESENCE OF NANOPARTICLE
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
Introduction Methodology
Problem Statement Initial Results
Objectives Conclusion
Scope Recommendation
Literature Review References
Q&A
INTRODUCTIO
N
TRANSFORMER
important component in providing a

consistent and efficient supply of
electricity[1].
Insulation system is the most important

part for operation of transformer.
Liquid insulation is used in operation of

transformer and perform 2 functions :
a. Insulation material
b. Cooling medium
TRANSFORMER
OIL
Mineral Vegetable
Oil Oil
MINERAL OIL
Has excellent dielectric properties
Disadvantages:
a. Non-biodegradable
b. Flammable
c. Running out of supply in future
VEGETABLE OIL
Known as natural ester
Offer a suitable alternative for mineral oil
because :
a. Biodegradable
b. Non-toxic
c. Environment friendly
VEGETABLE OIL
Refined, Bleached, and

WHAT Deodorized Palm oil
(RBDPO)
Low dissipation factor

WHY Low relative permittivity
High resistivity
NANOPARTICLES
Microscopic particles with at

least one dimension less than
100nm.
WHAT Carbon Nanotube (CNT)

Recently, nanoparticles had
been dispersed in transformer High thermal conductivity
oil to form nano-fluids and WHY Can conduct heat and cold well
exhibited higher breakdown
voltage compared to traditional
transformer oil [2].
PROBLEM
STATEMENT
Recent transformer failure statistics indicate that
the average service age of failed transformer due
to the dielectric insulation issues is 17.8 years, far
from expected life of 35 to 40 years [3].
To replace these transformers, needs a big

amount of investment[5].
Therefore it is important to find solutions to

enhance their service life by improving the liquid
insulation.
OBJECTIVES
1 2 3
To study the ageing To investigate the
To compare the AC
characteristic of AC suitable ratio of
breakdown voltage
breakdown voltage CNT nanoparticle
of mineral oil and
of palm oil under the that give the best
palm oil in ageing
presence of Cnt AC breakdown
condition.
nanoparticles. voltage of palm oil.
SCOPE
Nanoparticles used The concentration ratios
The electrode type is in this project is of the nanoparticle are
mushroom electrodes Carbon Nanotubes 0.001 g/L, 0.003 g/L and
which will produce (CNT) 0.005 g/L
uniform electric field
Only acquire 50Hz AC Equipment used to

breakdown voltage for test the
test analysis SCOPE performance of
dielectric insulating
is BAUR DTA 100C
The gap distance for the electrode is Palm oils used in this project are
2.5mm as required by the obtained from readily available
international standard for dielectric in the market which are Refined,
breakdown test Bleached, and Deodorized Palm
Oil (RBDPO)
LITERATURE
REVIEW
NANOPARTICLES Table 1 Nanoparticles Mixed with Vegetable
Oils
Several different Nano-

Concentration
Average Ref
of Nanoparticle
nanoparticles have been particle Breakdown
(g/L)
investigated in the Voltage (kV)
literatures with the
purpose of improving the
dielectric properties of TiO2 0.003 67.33 [6]
insulating liquids [4] TiO2 0.006 82.48 [6]
TiO2 0.01 77.82 [6]
summary of the previous TiO2 0.03 71.76 [6]
studies can be referred TiO2 0.05 53.25 [6]
to Table 1 and Table 2. Fe3O4 Not stated 59.8 [7]
Table 2 Nanoparticles Mixed with Mineral Oil
Concentration of
Nano-particle Average Ref
Nanoparticle (%)
Breakdown Voltage
(kV)
TiO2 Not stated 92.7 [8]
TiO2 0.075 80.9 [9]

TRANSFORMER OIL Table 3 Breakdown Voltage of Vegetable
oils
Average
There are two types of Vegetable Oil Breakdown Ref
transformer oils Voltage (kV)
commonly used all over CCO 30 [10]
the world which is RCO 36.6 [10]
mineral oil and vegetable RBDPO 52 [10]
based oil RBDPO 75 [11]
CPO 17 [10]
Table 3 and table 4 are CPO 23 [11]
Synthetic
summarized the More than 75 [12]
ester
breakdown voltage of Natural ester More than 75 [12]
vegetable oil and mineral Ester 76 [13]
oil Ester 78 [13]
Table 4 Breakdown Voltage of Mineral oils
Average Breakdown Voltage (kV) Ref
70 [12]
45 [11]
50 [13]
THERMAL AGEING
Table 5 Breakdown Voltage of Aged
Nanoparticles mixed with Mineral oil
Recent research in thermal
ageing studies between Concentration Average
mineral-oil-based nano-fluid Nano- Of Breakdown
Ref
and based-oil prove that particle Nanoparticle Voltage
the resistance of oil to (%) (kV)
thermal ageing will increase TiO2 0.01 15.6 [14]
after addition of BaTiO2 0.01 21.8 [14]
nanoparticle [9] ZnO 0.01 29 [14]
TiO2 0.03 22 [14]
BaTiO2 0.03 27.8 [14]
This is shown by measured ZnO 0.03 57.6 [14]
AC breakdown voltage.
Table 6 Breakdown voltage of Aged Mineral oil
Average Breakdown Voltage (kV) Ref
86 [8]
67.9 [9]
METHODOLOGY
START
Measure AC Breakdown voltage
by referring to IEC 60156 at
Add CNT with three different concentration 2.5mm of gap distance.
ratios of 0.001 g/L, 0.003 g/L and 0.005 g/L to
the sample of palm oil and mineral oil
Result
Sonicate nano-fluids for 20
minutes at 50 amplitude
Data Analysis
Dry nano-fluids by using vacuum
oven (VO200 Memmert) for 2 days
with the temperature of 85C Conclusion &
Recommendation
Age the oil samples at temperature of

95C at different ageing time which is END
1 month, 2 months and 3 months
Filterin
g
Drying of proces
nano- s
fluids by
using
vacuum
oven
(VO200
AC
Memmer Breakd
t) own
Test Adding
of CNT
to the
oil
Sonicat sample
e nano-
fluids
for 20
minute
s
AC BREAKDOWN
VOLTAGE
These sample of oils will be tested using BAUR

DTA 100C with gap of 2.5 mm to measure their
AC breakdown voltage.
INITIAL RESULT
Table 7 Palm Oil Mixed with CNT (0.01 g/L)
Table 7 and Table 8 show
the initial result of mineral oil
with CNT and Palm oil with Breakdown
Measurement
CNT with concentration ratio Voltage (kV)
of 0.01g/L 1 60.8
2 65.3
These oils are new oils
3 63.9
without experienced any
4 62.1
thermal ageing
5 64.8
Table 8 Mineral Oil Mixed with CNT (0.01
g/L)
From the table the average
of breakdown voltage for Breakdown
mineral oil with CNT is 56.6 Measurement
Voltage (kV)
kV while the average of
breakdown voltage of palm 1 54.9
oil with CNT is 63.38 kV. 2 55.7
3 56.2
4 54.3
5 61.9
CONCLUSION
Based on this initial results, it is shown that palm oil with
CNT showing better breakdown voltage as compared to
mineral oil with CNT.
RECOMMENDATI
ON
This experiment should be continued with impulse test to verify the result
and for accuracy, the moisture contain must be measured before start the
experiment to see the effect of moisture to the AC breakdown voltage
REFERENCES
[1] R. Liao, J. Hao, G. Chen, Z. Ma, and L. Yang, A comparative study of
physicochemical, dielectric and thermal properties of pressboard insulation
impregnated with natural ester and mineral oil, IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul.,
vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 16261637, 2011.
[2] Q. Wang, M. Rafiq, Y. Lv, C. Li, and K. Yi, Preparation of Three Types of
Transformer Oil-Based Nanofluids and Comparative Study on the Effect of
Nanoparticle Concentrations on Insulating Property of Transformer Oil, J.
Nanotechnol., vol. 2016, pp. 16, 2016.
[3] V. Sokolov, Z. Berler & V. Rashkes. Effective methods of assessment of

insulation system conditions in power transformers: A view based on Practical
experience, Proceedings of the EIC/EMCWE99 Conference, October 26-28, 1999,
Cincinnati, OH, USA, pp. 659-667.
[4] Y. Lv, Y. Zhou, C. Li, Q. Wang, and B. Qi, Recent progress in nanofluids based
on transformer oil: Preparation and electrical insulation properties, IEEE Electr. Insul.
Mag., vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 2332, 2014.
[5] M. Rafiq et al., Insulating and aging properties of transformer oil-based
TiO<inf>2</inf> nanofluids, 2014 IEEE Conf. Electr. Insul. Dielectr. Phenomena,
CEIDP 2014, vol. 2, pp. 457461, 2014.
[6] Y. F. Du, Y. Z. Lv, J. Q. Zhou, X. X. Li, and C. R. Li, Breakdown properties of

transformer oil-based TiO 2 nanofluid, Annu. Rep. - Conf. Electr. Insul. Dielectr.
Phenomena, CEIDP, pp. 36, 2010.
[7] Z. Zhang, J. Li, P. Zou, and S. Grzybowski, Electrical properties of nano-

modified insulating vegetable oil, Annu. Rep. - Conf. Electr. Insul. Dielectr.
Phenomena, CEIDP, pp. 36, 2010.
[8] M. T. Chen, Y. F. Du, Y. Z. Lv, J. Q. Zhou, X. X. Li, and C. R. Li, Effect of

nanoparticles on the dielectric strength of aged transformer oil, Annu. Rep. - Conf.
Electr. Insul. Dielectr. Phenomena, CEIDP, pp. 664667, 2011.
[9] D. L. V. Segal?, D. Nattrass?, K. Raj? * and L. Cheng-rong, Accelerated thermal
aging of petroleum-based ferro#uids, 2011 IEEE Int. Conf. Dielectr. Liq., vol. 201, pp.
14, 2011.
[10] S. Suwarno, F. Sitinjak, I. Suhariadi, and L. Imsak, Study on the characteristics

of palm oil and its derivatives as liquid insulating materials, Proc. 7th Int. Conf. Prop.
Appl. Dielectr. Mater. (Cat. No.03CH37417), vol. 2, pp. 495498, 2003.
[11] S. M. Bashi, U. U. Abdullahi, R. Yunus, and A. Nordin, Use of Natural

Vegetable Oils as Alternative Dielectric Transformer Coolants, Inst. Eng. Malaysia,
vol. 67, no. 2, pp. 49, 2006.
[12] M. Rycroft, Vegetable oil as insulating fluid for transformers, Ee.Co.Za, no.
April, pp. 3740, 2014.
[13] C. Perrier, a Beroual, and J. L. Bessede, Improvement of power transformers by
using mixtures of mineral oil with synthetic esters, IEEE Int. Conf. Dielectr. Liq. 2005
ICDL 2005, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 556564, 2006.
[14] P. Muangpratoom and N. Pattanadech, Dielectric Breakdown Strength of Mineral

Oil Based Nanofluids, pp. 261264, 2016.

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SITI BALQIS SYIFA BINTI

Bachelor of Electrical & Electronic

Supervisor : Dr. Mohd Taufiq Bin Ishak

important component in providing a

Insulation system is the most important

Liquid insulation is used in operation of

Refined, Bleached, and

Low dissipation factor

Microscopic particles with at

To replace these transformers, needs a big

Therefore it is important to find solutions to

Only acquire 50Hz AC Equipment used to

Several different Nano-

TiO2 Not stated 92.7 [8]

TiO2 0.075 80.9 [9]

Average Breakdown Voltage (kV) Ref

Average Breakdown Voltage (kV) Ref

Age the oil samples at temperature of

These sample of oils will be tested using BAUR

[3] V. Sokolov, Z. Berler & V. Rashkes. Effective methods of assessment of

[6] Y. F. Du, Y. Z. Lv, J. Q. Zhou, X. X. Li, and C. R. Li, Breakdown properties of

[7] Z. Zhang, J. Li, P. Zou, and S. Grzybowski, Electrical properties of nano-

[8] M. T. Chen, Y. F. Du, Y. Z. Lv, J. Q. Zhou, X. X. Li, and C. R. Li, Effect of

[10] S. Suwarno, F. Sitinjak, I. Suhariadi, and L. Imsak, Study on the characteristics

[11] S. M. Bashi, U. U. Abdullahi, R. Yunus, and A. Nordin, Use of Natural

[14] P. Muangpratoom and N. Pattanadech, Dielectric Breakdown Strength of Mineral

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