Prof Awad S.

Hanna

Earthwork includes:
1. Excavation
2. Grading: Moving earth to change
elevation
3. Temporary shoring
4. Back fill or fill: Adding earth to raise
grade
5. Compaction: Increasing density
6. Disposal

Prof Awad S. Hanna


A. Job conditions
Material type
Water level and moisture content
Job size
Length of haul
Haul road condition (accessibility and
load restrictions)

Prof Awad S. Hanna



B. Management conditions
Equipment conditions and
maintenance practices
Skills of work force and management
Planning, supervision and
coordination of work.

Prof Awad S. Hanna



Management Conditions*
J ob Conditions** Excellent Good Fair Poor
Excellent 0.84 0.81 0.76 0.70
Good 0.78 0.75 0.71 0.65
Fair 0.72 0.69 0.65 0.60
Poor 0.63 0.61 0.57 0.52

Prof Awad S. Hanna


Cubic Yard (bank, loose, or compacted)

Bank (BCY): Materials in its natural

state before disturbance
(in-place, in-situ)
Loose (LCY): Material that has been
compacted or disturbed
or loaded
Compacted (CCY): Material after compaction

Prof Awad S. Hanna

 1.0 CUBIC 1.25 CUBIC 0.90 CUBIC
YARD IN YARD AFTER YARD AFTER
NATURAL DIGGING COMPACTED
CONDITION (LOOSE (COMPACTE
(IN-PLACE YARDS) D YARDS)
YARD)

1.25

1.0
0.90

In place Loose Compacted

Prof Awad S. Hanna


Bank: VB
Bank cubic yards (BCY)
Density B Lb /BCY

Loose: Vl
Loose cubic yards (LCY)
Density L Lb/LCY

Compacted: Vc
Compacted cubic yards (CCY)
Density C LB/CCY

Prof Awad S. Hanna

Swell:
A soil increase in volume when it is excavated.
Swell (%) = Bank
( density
- 1) x 100
Loose density

Load factor =Loose density

Bank density

Bank Volume = Loose volume x Load

factor

Prof Awad S. Hanna

Shrinkage:
A soil decreases in volume when it is
compacted
Shrinkage (%) = (1 Bank density
- ) x 100
Compacted density
Shrinkage factor = 1 - Shrinkage
Compacted volume
= Bank volume x Shrinkage factor

Prof Awad S. Hanna


Loose Bank Swell Load
Material (lb/cy) (lb/cy) (%) Factor
Clay, dry 2,100 2,650 26 0.79
Clay, wet 2,700 3,575 32 0.76
Clay and gravel, dry 2,400 2,800 17 0.85
Clay and gravel, wet 2,600 3,100 17 0.85
Earth, dry 2,215 2,850 29 0.78
Earth, moist 2,410 3,080 28 0.78
Earth, wet 2,750 3,380 23 0.81
Gravel, wet 2,780 3,140 13 0.88
Gravel, dry 3,090 3,620 17 0.85
Sand, dry 2,600 2,920 12 0.89
Sand, wet 3,100 3,520 13 0.88
Sand and gravel, dry 2,900 3,250 12 0.89
Sand and gravel, wet 3,400 3,750 10 0.91
Exact values will vary with grain size, moisture content, compaction,
etc. Test to determine exact values for specific soils.
Prof Awad S. Hanna

Initial Convrted to:
Soil Type Soil Condition Bank Loose Compacted
Clay Bank 1.00 1.27 0.90
Loose 0.79 1.00 0.71
Compacted 1.11 1.41 1.00
Common earth Bank 1.00 1.25 0.90
Loose 0.80 1.00 0.72
Compacted 1.11 1.39 1.00
Rock (blasted) Bank 1.00 1.50 1.30
Loose 0.67 1.00 0.87
Compacted 0.77 1.15 1.00
Sand Bank 1.00 1.12 0.95
Loose 0.89 1.00 0.85
Compacted 1.05 1.18 1.00

Prof Awad S. Hanna



2-0
or more Angle of Repose
Prof Awad S. Hanna

For Sloping Sides of Excavation

ils
So
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el s

ra
eg rav

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eg A
3 D lar G
Solid Rock, Slate or Cemented Sand and Gravel

D or
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f
nd

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ar g. os
e

1/2 d A
Sh De

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(6
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)
d
te (33 ed Deg.

te

en
c d
pa 2 :1 un

ac
6

m
m Ro 1 (2
Original l

m
/ l
mp
o
C 1 1 e 2:

co
Co W

Re
Ground Line
(90 Deg.)

Prof Awad S. Hanna


1. End Area Method
2. Contour Line/ Grid Method

Prof Awad S. Hanna


Used in sites where length is much
greater than width

Prof Awad S. Hanna


1. End Area Method
a.Take cross-sections at regular intervals,
typically, 100 intervals.
b.Calculate the cross-section end areas
c.The volume of earthwork between sections
is obtained by taking the average of the
end areas at each station in square feet
multiplied by the distance between
sections in feet and dividing by 27 to obtain
the volume in cubic yards.

Prof Awad S. Hanna


A B C D E F

78

80

82

84

86

88
82
80

300'
84
l
Fil t

86
Cu

88
A B C D E F
100' 100' 100' 100' 100'
500'

Prof Awad S. Hanna

 80

78.5
Sec. A- A 78

76
82
Project Cross Sections

Sec. B- B 80.3
80

78
84

Sec. C- C 82.3
82

80
86

Sec. D- D 84.2
84

88

Sec. E- E 86.2
86

90

Sec. F- F 88.2
88

Prof Awad S. Hanna


80
107 x 1.0
Area = = 53.5 79.5
2
79

78.5

78

77
193 x 1.8
76.7 Area = = 173.7
2

76
Section A- A

Prof Awad S. Hanna


82
90 x 1.5 81.8
Area = = 67.5
2
81

80.3
80

79
210 x 1.8
76.7 Area = = 189.0
2

78
Section B- B

Prof Awad S. Hanna


Section Emb (CCY) Exc. (BCY) Exc. x B/C Net Exc. Cum Exc
(CCY) (CCY) (CCY)
A-B 672 224 254 - 418 - 418
B-C 567 441 499 - 68 - 486
C-D 215 791 896 681 195
D-E 0 1031 1167 1167 1362
E-F 0 1222 1384 1384 2746

Prof Awad S. Hanna


Used for parking lots and site
leveling
Grid size from 10x10 to 50x50
the greater the terrain variance
the smaller the grid

Prof Awad S. Hanna


Step l
Determine by visual study of the site drawing if the net total
will be an import (more fill required than cut) an export (less
fill required than cut) or a blend (cut and fill about equal)
Step 2
Determine the pattern of calculation points or grid size.
Step 3
Determine elevations at each calculation location, the
corners of each grid.
Step 4
Calculate the cubic yards of cut or fill required in each grid
cell.
Step 5
Add the individual Grid Cell quantities together to arrive at
the total cut, total fill volume and the import or volume
export yardage required for the job.

Prof Awad S. Hanna

A B C D E F G
300
88 89 90 91 92 93 94

87.6 88.5 89.3 90.3 91.5 95.0

A B C D E F
87.6 88.6 89.4 90.4 91.6 93.2 94.3

G H J K L M
87.4 88.2 89.5 90.6 91.6 92.7 93.5

N O P Q R S
87.2 87.7 89.0 90.4 91.3 92.0 93.1

Notes:
1. Bring the entire site to elevation
No Scale 90.
2. All grids are 50x 50 = 2500 sq.
ft.
Prof Awad S. Hanna
 Purpose
Grade the entire site to grade 90
90'

Need Need

150'
Fill Cut

300'
Quick and Dirty
Assume one grid
90' 91'
Existing 90.50
Proposed 90.00 90.5'

Cut 0.50
Total Cost 150
= = 833CY
x 300 x 0.50
27
Prof Awad S. Hanna
If we choose the grid size to be 50x50

Average elevation 88.6

87.6
87.6+88.5+87.6+88.6
=
4
= 88.08
change = 90-88.08 87.6 87.6

= 1.92
cut =
= 177.77 CY
and so on.

Prof Awad S. Hanna