Mid Sem

Effect of mol Wt on mixing
Because of high molecular weight the number of

moles of each polymer is very less. Change in
entropy in that case is negligible.,
i.e Smix = negligible
Gmix = Hmix-T Smix
Now if mol wt is low, we can get a favourable S
( mol wt below which miscible polymer blend is
formed.)
H is thought to be positive, epecially for the non-
polar system, i.e endothermic rxn.
Miscible when A is miscible in B phase & B is
miscible in A phase.
The one which is present in more amount that
acts as a solvent for the other.
EFFECT OF MOL WT
AB = interaction term for enthalpy of mixing

First 2 terms related to combinatorial entropy of
mixing & to be highly (-), this is rare, & so limits
formt. Of miscible blends.
For very high mol wt, molar vol increases
significantly. At particular hig value of VA &VB the
first two terms become negative giving Gmix = (-)
EFFECT OF MOL WT
LATTICE
PARA
WHY PCL USED IN MELT OF PC & NYLON 6
Reduce the d by blending another polymer which will

form miscible blend and tremendously decrease Tg.
1/Tg =(W1/Tg1)+(W2/Tg2)
N6 has low melt viscosity. Mixing N6 with PC the complex
viscosity is vey high at processing temperature and
hence is immiscible.
So, PC blended with PCL to make it miscible as it lowers
the Tg value and complex viscosity.
The Tg of PC is 148 degrees.
PCL melts at 59 degrees, Tg is lower which matches the
viscosity of N6 & PC.
Processing temp of nylon> 250C and now that high
temp, the viscosity lowers down of PC and matches with
viscosity of N6 and forms compatible blend.
INTERPENETRATING POLYMER
NETWORK
IPN are novel blends of network and linear polymers
that are held together with prominent resistance to
gross phase separation.
ADVANTAGES:-
Morphology is highly stable.
It involves insitu polymerisation of compatibilizer, it is
reactive copolymer or block copolymer solution of one
component using the 2nd component as a solvent.
Either A or B and 2nd monomer acts as solvent of 1st
polymer and then polymerisation will occur.
The B forms a graft. This insitu formation acts as
compatibiliser and in this case entanglement is more.
S-IPIN & F-IPN
IPN where only one polymer component is
selectively cross linked leaving other
uncrosslinked- Semi IPN.
Full IPN- Constituent polymes are all
selectively cross linked.
Depending on nature of polymer there is a
restricted movement of dispersed phase
droplet. This morphology is highly stable. Eg
Polystyrene as a matrix and PB as droplet.
PB migrates in PS during polymerisation. A
magnetic stirrer is used which breaks the
swell of PB and forms small droplets.
SANTOPRENE
Thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPV)are
part of thethermoplastic elastomer(TPE)
family ofpolymers, but are closest in
elastomeric properties toEPDMthermoset
rubber, combining the characteristics of
vulcanizedrubber with the processing
properties of thermoplastics. TPV is a
dynamically vulcanizedalloyconsisting
mostly of fully curedEPDMrubber
particles encapsulated in apolypropylene
(PP) matrix.
SANTOPRENE
Santoprene TPV can be processed using
conventional thermoplastic processes
such as injection molding,blow molding
andextrusion.
After a short drying period, TPV pellets
are automatically transferred to the
molding machine or extrusion line. Cycle
times can be much faster, because the
parts do not have to cure in the mold,
which is typically two to three minutes for
rubber. The TPV part only has to cool,
typically about 30 seconds, and then it
RUBBER TOUGHEN PLASTIC
It is example of Plastic Elastomer. Inclusion of
rubbery phase into plastic phase. It provides
hardening/ toughening of plastic as plastic is
brittle in nature and plastic has low impact
strength but rubber has high impact property.
At certain extent it has elastic limit at which it
will fail.
RUBBERY PHASE
PLASTIC PHASE
In this there is a stress transfer from plastic to
rubbery phase . This is an example of
heterogenious polymer blend i.e toughening of
plastic. Eg Santoprene.
SUPER TOUGH NYLON 6 & PREPARATION
SUPERTOUGH NYLON is an impact modified crystalline
thermoplastic polyamide resin. The defining Supertough Nylon
characteristic is superior resistance to repeated impact loads.
This material maintains good tensile strength, chemical
resistance, stiffness and flexural memory. Superthough is
recommended for specific products or applications where
extreme impact resistance is needed.
-Excellent hi-impact property

-Low temperature and weather resistance under 40
-Easy processing and good flow ability.
-Excellent break resistance among wide range of temperature
and humidity
-Outstanding fatigue resistance and high strength of bending
and flexibility
ULTIMATE PROPERTY- MISCIBLE PROPERTY
ULTIMATE PROPERTY- IMMISCIBLE
DEFINE
(i) Polymer blend & alloys- Mixing together of

two or more polymers or copolymers is known
as blending. In this the constituent polymers are
present in significant weight or volume
proportions to each other and giving properties
far different from those of constituents.
(ii)Compatibiliser- Use of appropriate block
copolymers or coupling agents such as the
silane or titanate coupling agents help in
dispersion of additives in polymers by improving
adhesion or by minimising phase separation in
binary or multicomponent polymer blend by
playing the role of surfactant.
DEFINE
DEFINE
PLASTICISER :-
Plasticizersordispersantsare
additives that increase theplasticityor
viscosityof a material. Plasticizers make
it possible to achieve improved
compound processing characteristics,
while also providing flexibility in the end-
use product. Plasticizers are produced by
a reaction of an alcohol with an acid such
as adipic acid, phthalic anhydride, and so
forth.
COMPATIBILIZATION
Addition of filler to control viscosity.
Now without applying any third component
we can achieve compatibilization by
controlling process parameter.
At low temp:- There is chance that chains
would break and form macro radicals,
viscosity changes. So, temp can be
increased gradually.
A A B B
. . Insitu Compatibiliztn
R1-A-R2-
Y1-B-Y2 R1-A-R2-Y1-B-Y2 Insitu reactv
COPOLYMER
When two or more different monomers unite
together to polymerize, their result is called
acopolymerand its process is called
copolymerization. . Types:-
Alternative, Random, Block, statistical & graft.
Let M1 and M2 be monomer A&B
M1 1 M1 M1 1
M2 2 M2 M2 2
1 + M1 K11 M1 1
1 + M2 K12 M1 2
2 + M1 K21 M2 1 K11/K12 = r1 & K22/K21 = r2
2 + M2 K22 M2 2
COPOLYMER
If r1=r2=1 (random or ideal)
If r1>r2
If r1<r2
If r1.r2=1
0<r1r2<1
R1=r2=0 = alternate
UCST
Simple method- cloud point
A solution of polymer &
solvent is made at different
ratioof conc. Of polymer. At
room tempthis system
represents a biphase. At
different conc. The biphase
mixture is taken at high temp
it becomes single phase.
Slowly cooling down this
mixture, mixture changes from
transparent to cloudy. This
temp is noted when this
change occurs at each conce.
UCST
LCST
The mixture is first cooledto make it
single phase and then the temp is
gradually increased, at a particular
trmperature the mixtyure becomes
cloudy and temp is noted and the
changes occur at each conc and we
obtain LCST.
EPDM
with PS

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Effect of mol Wt on mixing

Because of high molecular weight the number of

AB = interaction term for enthalpy of mixing

Reduce the d by blending another polymer which will

-Excellent hi-impact property

(i) Polymer blend & alloys- Mixing together of

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