Impulse and Momentum

Impulse and Momentum
7.1 The Impulse-Momentum Theorem
DEFINITION OF IMPULSE
The impulse of a force is the product of the average

force and the time interval during which the force acts:

J F t
Impulse is a vector quantity and has the same direction
as the average force.
newton seconds (N s)

J F t
DEFINITION OF LINEAR MOMENTUM
The linear momentum of an object is the product

of the objects mass times its velocity:

p mv
Linear momentum is a vector quantity and has the same

direction as the velocity.
kilogram meter/second (kg m/s)


vf vo
a
t

F ma
mvf mvo
F t

F t mv f mv o
IMPULSE-MOMENTUM THEOREM
When a net force acts on an object, the impulse of

this force is equal to the change in the momentum
of the object
impulse

F t mv f mv o
final momentum initial momentum

Example 2 A Rain Storm
Rain comes down with a velocity of -15 m/s and hits the
roof of a car. The mass of rain per second that strikes
the roof of the car is 0.060 kg/s. Assuming that rain comes
to rest upon striking the car, find the average force
exerted by the rain on the roof.

F t mv f mv o
Neglecting the weight of

the raindrops, the net force
on a raindrop is simply the
force on the raindrop due to
the roof.
m
F t mv f mv o F vo
t

F 0.060 kg s 15 m s 0.90 N
7.2 The Principle of Conservation of Linear Momentum
WORK-ENERGY THEOREM CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
IMPULSE-MOMENTUM THEOREM ???
Apply the impulse-momentum theorem to the midair collision

between two objects..
Internal forces Forces that objects within

the system exert on each other.
External forces Forces exerted on objects

by agents external to the system.

F t mv f mv o
OBJECT 1

W1 F12 t m1 v f 1 m1 v o1
OBJECT 2

W2 F21 t m2 v f 2 m2 v o 2

W1 F12 t m1 v f 1 m1 v o1
+

W2 F21 t m2 v f 2 m2 v o 2

W1 W2 F12 F21 t m1 v f 1 m2 v f 2 m1 v o1 m2 v o 2

F12 F21 Pf Po
The internal forces cancel out.

W1 W2 t Pf Po

sum of average external forces t Pf Po

sum of average external forces t Pf Po
If the sum of the external forces is zero, then

0 Pf Po Pf Po
PRINCIPLE OF CONSERVATION OF LINEAR MOMENTUM
The total linear momentum of an isolated system is constant

(conserved). An isolated system is one for which the sum of
the average external forces acting on the system is zero.
Conceptual Homework Is the Total Momentum Conserved?
Imagine two balls colliding on a billiard

table that is friction-free. Use the momentum
conservation principle in answering the
following questions. (a) Is the total momentum
of the two-ball system the same before
and after the collision? (b) Answer
part (a) for a system that contains only
one of the two colliding
balls.
PRINCIPLE OF CONSERVATION OF LINEAR MOMENTUM
The total linear momentum of an isolated system is constant

(conserved). An isolated system is one for which the sum of
the average external forces acting on the system is zero.
In the top picture the net external force on the

system is zero.
In the bottom picture the net external force on the

system is not zero.
Example 6 Ice Skaters
Starting from rest, two skaters

push off against each other on
ice where friction is negligible.
One is a 54-kg woman and

one is a 88-kg man. The woman
moves away with a speed of
+2.5 m/s. Find the recoil velocity
of the man.

Pf Po
m1v f 1 m2 v f 2 0
m1v f 1
vf 2
m2
vf 2
54 kg 2.5 m s
1.5 m s
88 kg
Applying the Principle of Conservation of Linear Momentum
1. Decide which objects are included in the system.
2. Relative to the system, identify the internal and external forces.
3. Verify that the system is isolated.
4. Set the final momentum of the system equal to its initial momentum.
Remember that momentum is a vector.
7.3 Collisions in One Dimension
The total linear momentum is conserved when two objects

collide, provided they constitute an isolated system.
Elastic collision -- One in which the total kinetic

energy of the system after the collision is equal to
the total kinetic energy before the collision.
Inelastic collision -- One in which the total kinetic

energy of the system after the collision is not equal
to the total kinetic energy before the collision; if the
objects stick together after colliding, the collision is
said to be completely inelastic.
Example 8 A Ballistic Pendulim
The mass of the block of wood

is 2.50-kg and the mass of the
bullet is 0.0100-kg. The block
swings to a maximum height of
0.650 m above the initial position.
Find the initial speed of the

bullet.
Apply conservation of momentum

to the collision:
m1v f 1 m2 v f 2 m1vo1 m2 vo 2
m1 m2 v f m1vo1
m1 m2 v f
vo1
m1
Applying conservation of energy

to the swinging motion:
mgh 12 mv 2
m1 m2 gh f 1
2
m1 m2 v 2f
gh f 12 v 2f

v f 2 gh f 2 9.80 m s 2 0.650 m
v f 2 9.80 m s 2 0.650 m
m1 m2 v f
vo1
m1
0.0100 kg 2.50 kg
vo1
0.0100 kg

2 9.80 m s 2 0.650 m 896 m s

7.4 Collisions in Two Dimensions
A Collision in Two Dimensions

7.4 Collisions in Two Dimensions
m1v f 1x m2 v f 2 x m1vo1x m2 vo 2 x
m1v f 1 y m2 v f 2 y m1vo1 y m2 vo 2 y
7.5 Center of Mass
The center of mass is a point that represents the average location for
the total mass of a system.
m1 x1 m2 x2
xcm
m1 m2
7.5 Center of Mass
m1x1 m2 x2 m1v1 m2 v2
xcm vcm
m1 m2 m1 m2
7.5 Center of Mass
m1v1 m2 v2
vcm
m1 m2
In an isolated system, the total linear momentum does not change,

therefore the velocity of the center of mass does not change.
7.5 Center of Mass
BEFORE
m1v1 m2 v2
vcm 0
m1 m2
AFTER
vcm
88 kg 1.5 m s 54 kg 2.5 m s
0.002 0
88 kg 54 kg

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What is impulse and how is it related to force and time?

What is impulse and how is it related to force and time?

What is the impulse-momentum theorem and how does it relate impulse and momentum?

What is the impulse-momentum theorem and how does it relate impulse and momentum?

Impulse and Momentum

7.1 The Impulse-Momentum Theorem

The impulse of a force is the product of the average

DEFINITION OF LINEAR MOMENTUM

The linear momentum of an object is the product

Linear momentum is a vector quantity and has the same

kilogram meter/second (kg m/s)

When a net force acts on an object, the impulse of

final momentum initial momentum

Example 2 A Rain Storm

Neglecting the weight of

WORK-ENERGY THEOREM CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

IMPULSE-MOMENTUM THEOREM ???

Apply the impulse-momentum theorem to the midair collision

Internal forces Forces that objects within

External forces Forces exerted on objects

The internal forces cancel out.

PRINCIPLE OF CONSERVATION OF LINEAR MOMENTUM

The total linear momentum of an isolated system is constant

Conceptual Homework Is the Total Momentum Conserved?

Imagine two balls colliding on a billiard

PRINCIPLE OF CONSERVATION OF LINEAR MOMENTUM

The total linear momentum of an isolated system is constant

In the top picture the net external force on the

In the bottom picture the net external force on the

Example 6 Ice Skaters

Starting from rest, two skaters

One is a 54-kg woman and

Applying the Principle of Conservation of Linear Momentum

1. Decide which objects are included in the system.

2. Relative to the system, identify the internal and external forces.

3. Verify that the system is isolated.

The total linear momentum is conserved when two objects

Elastic collision -- One in which the total kinetic

Inelastic collision -- One in which the total kinetic

Example 8 A Ballistic Pendulim

The mass of the block of wood

Find the initial speed of the

Apply conservation of momentum

Applying conservation of energy

A Collision in Two Dimensions

In an isolated system, the total linear momentum does not change,

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