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    6 Cultural Awareness/intercultural Competence/Cultural Stereotypes

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    This document discusses cultural awareness and intercultural competence. It begins by defining cultural awareness as using cultural differences to develop relationships between people from different cultures. It emphasizes being aware of both similarities and differences among cultures without assigning values. The document then outlines four stages of developing cultural awareness: initially seeing all cultures as equal, then recognizing differences but seeing one's own culture as better, later acknowledging both commonalities and differences, and ultimately accepting that all cultures are separate with their own ways. It introduces intercultural competence as the ability to communicate effectively with people from other cultures, understanding their perspectives. The document presents Michael Byram's model of intercultural competence as involving knowledge, attitudes, skills in interpreting and

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    6 Cultural Awareness/intercultural Competence/Cultural Stereotypes

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    This document discusses cultural awareness and intercultural competence. It begins by defining cultural awareness as using cultural differences to develop relationships between people from different cultures. It emphasizes being aware of both similarities and differences among cultures without assigning values. The document then outlines four stages of developing cultural awareness: initially seeing all cultures as equal, then recognizing differences but seeing one's own culture as better, later acknowledging both commonalities and differences, and ultimately accepting that all cultures are separate with their own ways. It introduces intercultural competence as the ability to communicate effectively with people from other cultures, understanding their perspectives. The document presents Michael Byram's model of intercultural competence as involving knowledge, attitudes, skills in interpreting and

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    This document discusses cultural awareness and intercultural competence. It begins by defining cultural awareness as using cultural differences to develop relationships between people from different cultures. It emphasizes being aware of both similarities and differences among cultures without assigning values. The document then outlines four stages of developing cultural awareness: initially seeing all cultures as equal, then recognizing differences but seeing one's own culture as better, later acknowledging both commonalities and differences, and ultimately accepting that all cultures are separate with their own ways. It introduces intercultural competence as the ability to communicate effectively with people from other cultures, understanding their perspectives. The document presents Michael Byram's model of intercultural competence as involving knowledge, attitudes, skills in interpreting and

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    424 views39 pages

    6 Cultural Awareness/intercultural Competence/Cultural Stereotypes

    Uploaded by

    MightyTy
    This document discusses cultural awareness and intercultural competence. It begins by defining cultural awareness as using cultural differences to develop relationships between people from different cultures. It emphasizes being aware of both similarities and differences among cultures without assigning values. The document then outlines four stages of developing cultural awareness: initially seeing all cultures as equal, then recognizing differences but seeing one's own culture as better, later acknowledging both commonalities and differences, and ultimately accepting that all cultures are separate with their own ways. It introduces intercultural competence as the ability to communicate effectively with people from other cultures, understanding their perspectives. The document presents Michael Byram's model of intercultural competence as involving knowledge, attitudes, skills in interpreting and

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    of 39

    6 Cultural awareness/Intercultural

    Competence/Cultural stereotypes

    Course: Cultural Studies


    Marija Andraka, PhD
    [email protected]

    CULTURAL AWARENESS
    using cultural differences to develop
    skills that are necessary for
    developing authentic and deep
    relationships between individuals
    from differing cultural backgrounds
    being cognizant, observant, and
    conscious of similarities and
    differences among and between
    cultural groups

    CULTURAL AWARENESS
    developing sensitivity and
    understanding of another ethnic group
    this usually involves internal changes in
    terms of attitudes and values
    developing openness and flexibility in
    relation to others
    knowing that cultural differences as well
    as similarities exist, without assigning
    values, i.e., better or worse, right or
    wrong, to those cultural differences

    Developing cultural awareness

    Developing cultural awareness


    Stage 1
    comparing the new culture (C2) to our own culture (C1)
    at this early stage the two cultures are seen as completely
    equal, with no differences between them
    we assume they are the same, except for the language
    My way is the only way
    Stage 2
    over time, we begin to discover little differences between C1
    and C2
    ethnocentric stage cultural differences are perceived as a
    source of problems and people tend to ignore them or
    reduce their significance
    I know their way, but my way is better

    Developing cultural awareness


    Stage 3
    at this stage C1 and C2 appear to have some commonalities,
    but have more differences
    synergistic stage cultural differences can lead both to
    problems and benefits ; willing to use cultural diversity to
    create new solutions and alternatives
    My Way and Their Way
    Stage 4
    with time, we accept that C1 is not C2
    we are able to see that although there might be some
    commonalities between the two cultures, they are separate
    participatory third culture stage people dialogue
    repeatedly with others, create new meanings, new rules to
    meet the needs of a particular situation
    Our Way

    a depiction of what happens when


    people behave contrary to our
    expectations, or we behave contrary
    to theirs.

    a depiction of what happens when people


    behave contrary to our expectations, or we
    behave contrary to theirs

    cultural awareness

    intercultural competence

    INTERCULTURAL
    COMPETENCE

    the ability tocommunicateeffectively


    and appropriately with people of
    othercultures
    just knowing about the products and
    practices of C2 is not enough
    understanding its perspectives
    part of communicative competence
    included in current Croatian curricular
    documents

    Michael Byram
    Teaching and Assessing Intercultural
    Communicative Competence
    Language Teachers, Politics and Cultures (with Karen
    Risager)
    From Foreign Language Education to Education for
    Intercultural Citizenship
    editor of the Routledge Encyclopedia of Language
    Teaching and Learning
    etc.

    M. BYRAM: intercultural competence


    involves five elements:
    knowledge (savoirs)
    attitudes (savoir tre)
    skills of interpreting and relating (savoir
    comprendre)
    skills of discovery and interaction (savoir
    apprendre/savoir faire)
    critical cultural awareness (savoir
    sengager)

    Knowledge (savoirs)
    of social groups and their products and
    practices in one's own and in another
    country, and of the general processes of
    societal and individual interaction
    of the national memory of ones own country
    of the national definitions of geographical
    space in ones own country
    of the processes and institutions of
    socialisation in ones own country
    of the processes of social interaction in
    another country

    Attitudes (savoir tre)


    curiosity and openness, readiness to
    suspend disbelief about other
    cultures and belief about one's own
    not assume that familiar phenomena (cultural practices or
    products common to themselves and the other) are
    understood the same way
    not assume that unfamiliar phenomena can only be
    understood by assimilating them to their own cultural
    phenomena

    Skills of interpreting and relating


    (savoir comprendre)
    ability to interpret a document or
    event from another culture, to
    explain it and relate it to
    documents / events from one's own

    Skills of discovery and interaction


    (savoir apprendre/savoir faire)
    ability to acquire new knowledge of a culture
    and cultural practices and the ability to
    operate knowledge, attitudes and skills under
    the constraints of real-time communication
    and interaction
    be able to use ones knowledge of conventions of verbal and nonverbal interaction (i.e. conversational structures, formal
    communication such as presentations, written correspondence,
    business meetings, informal gatherings, etc.) to establish agreed
    procedures on specific occasions, which may be a combination of
    conventions from the different cultural systems in the interaction

    Critical cultural awareness


    (savoir sengager)
    ability to evaluate critically and on the
    basis of explicit criteria perspectives,
    practices and products in one's own and
    other cultures and countries
    using a range of analytical approaches to place a
    document or event in context and to demonstrate
    the ideology involved

    What are the first three things which come into


    your mind when you hear the words 'England' or
    'the English?
    fish and chips
    bowler hat
    Royal Family
    cricket
    the weather
    Shakespeare
    beer
    London

    STEREOTYPE
    a popular belief about specific types
    of individuals
    a simplified and fixed image of all
    members of a culture or group
    based on race, religion, ethnicity, age,
    gender, national origins

    a generalized assumption about


    people based on limited, sometimes
    inaccurate, but often easily available
    information
    based on second-hand information
    rather than first-hand experience

    A stereotype does not recognize the


    complex, multi-dimensional nature of
    individual human beings.
    Finns are not talkative
    Britons cannot cook
    firemen are courageous
    Scots are stingy
    blondes are less intelligent
    Italians are noisy

    Psychology
    an individual's
    experience with
    groups, patterns of
    communication
    about those
    groups, and
    intergroup conflict

    Sociology
    the relations
    among different
    groups in a social
    structure
    Who benefits from
    the stereotyping of
    certain groups?

    Are stereotypes accurate?

    The stereotype

    Research results

    stereotypes are
    inaccurate,
    resistant to
    change,
    overgeneralized,
    exaggerated, and
    destructive

    stereotypes are
    often accurate
    people do not rely
    on stereotypes
    when relevant
    personal
    information is
    available

    not true or false, but reflect a particular


    set of ideological values
    there is a common shared perception
    about a group difference it may be
    either accurate or false
    suggest that everyone within a group is
    the same

    Are stereotypes always negative?


    All groups have both positive and negative stereotypes
    attached to them.

    African-Americans are
    great athletes.
    Asians are good at
    playing musical
    instruments.
    The French are good
    lovers.
    Australians surf and
    spend all the time on the
    beach.

    African-Americans are
    gangsters.
    Asians are bad drivers.

    The French hate


    Americans.
    Australians are selfabsorbed.

    Positive

    Negative

    SOCIAL IDENTITY THEORY


    in-group and outgroup stereotypes
    Ethnocentrism
    The values and
    standards of my
    culture are
    universally
    applicable.
    My culture is
    superior to other
    cultures.

    auto-stereotype
    simple: In our opinion we are
    projected: We think that they consider
    us to be

    hetero-stereotype
    simple: We think that they are
    projected : We feel that they think that
    they are

    Do stereotypes always result in prejudice?

    The use of stereotypes leads to false


    assumptions about people and can lead to
    misunderstandings, hostile and abusive
    behaviours, conflicts, discrimination, and
    prejudice.

    lack of awareness unintended


    prejudice
    awareness

    rejection of stereotype

    regard a culture bump/stereotype as


    an opportunity - not as a problem
    cultural intelligence emotional
    intelligence across contexts
    Culture is to people as water is to fish.

    If they havent been out,


    wont know what makes
    different for an outsider!

    they
    it

    Teeth
    English Teeth, English Teeth!
    Shining in the sun
    A part of British heritage
    Aye, each and every one.
    English Teeth, Happy Teeth!
    Always having
    fun
    h/
    Clamping down on bits of fish
    And sausages half done.
    English Teeth! HEROES' Teeth!
    Hear them click! and clack!
    Let's sing a song of praise to them Three Cheers for the Brown Grey and Black.
    Spike Milligan
    http://www.poemhunter.com/poem/teeth/

    Start with looking at similarities- move


    beyond the question of why "they" are
    different from us into the question of
    how "we" are the same.

    Everyone who lives in Bongobongo wears yellow


    sunglasses. Quite naturally, everything they see - the sky,
    the trees, the people, the food - has a sunny tint. It has
    always been like that and the citizens of Bongobongo live
    quite contentedly in their yellow universe.
    Into this world, comes a visitor, a citizen of Adanac. As you
    may have heard, all Adanacians wear blue sunglasses.
    When they wake up each day they kiss their beautiful blue
    children, and they look out into the blue fields, forests and
    farms, all of course, under a perfect blue sky.
    Being a culturally sensitive visitor, the Adanacian feels it is
    only right that he tries to understand the Bongobongo
    perspective of the world. So he acquires a pair of yellow
    sunglasses. Then he puts them on over his blue ones.
    "Ah!" he says with some satisfaction, "Now I get it,
    Everything here in Bongobongo is green!
    http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zXa20YjsYGk

    The real voyage of discovery consists not


    in seeking new landscapes, but in having
    new eyes. M. Proust
    or
    .in taking off our yellow glasses before
    putting on the blue ones.

    Further reading
    Byram, M.(ur.)(2003). Intercultural
    competence. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.
    Lzr, I. (2003). Incorporating intercultural
    communicative competence in language
    teacher education. Strasbourg: Council of
    Europe Publishing.
    Valdes, J.M.(2001). Culture Bound (P.170178). UK: Cambridge University Press.

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