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    Caustic Soda 1

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    arpit garg
    The document discusses the manufacture of chlorine and caustic soda using electrolysis processes. There are three main processes - the diaphragm cell process, mercury cell process, and membrane cell process. The diaphragm cell uses a permeable diaphragm to separate brine into chlorine and caustic soda. The mercury cell uses mercury electrodes to produce sodium amalgam, which is then converted to caustic soda and hydrogen. The membrane cell uses an ion-conducting membrane to selectively transport ions and produce chlorine on one side and caustic soda on the other. The membrane process is now the most common due to safety and efficiency advantages over older processes.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Caustic Soda 1

    Uploaded by

    arpit garg
    193 views21 pages
    The document discusses the manufacture of chlorine and caustic soda using electrolysis processes. There are three main processes - the diaphragm cell process, mercury cell process, and membrane cell process. The diaphragm cell uses a permeable diaphragm to separate brine into chlorine and caustic soda. The mercury cell uses mercury electrodes to produce sodium amalgam, which is then converted to caustic soda and hydrogen. The membrane cell uses an ion-conducting membrane to selectively transport ions and produce chlorine on one side and caustic soda on the other. The membrane process is now the most common due to safety and efficiency advantages over older processes.

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    Arpit garg

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    The document discusses the manufacture of chlorine and caustic soda using electrolysis processes. There are three main processes - the diaphragm cell process, mercury cell process, and membrane cell process. The diaphragm cell uses a permeable diaphragm to separate brine into chlorine and caustic soda. The mercury cell uses mercury electrodes to produce sodium amalgam, which is then converted to caustic soda and hydrogen. The membrane cell uses an ion-conducting membrane to selectively transport ions and produce chlorine on one side and caustic soda on the other. The membrane process is now the most common due to safety and efficiency advantages over older processes.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    193 views21 pages

    Caustic Soda 1

    Uploaded by

    arpit garg
    The document discusses the manufacture of chlorine and caustic soda using electrolysis processes. There are three main processes - the diaphragm cell process, mercury cell process, and membrane cell process. The diaphragm cell uses a permeable diaphragm to separate brine into chlorine and caustic soda. The mercury cell uses mercury electrodes to produce sodium amalgam, which is then converted to caustic soda and hydrogen. The membrane cell uses an ion-conducting membrane to selectively transport ions and produce chlorine on one side and caustic soda on the other. The membrane process is now the most common due to safety and efficiency advantages over older processes.

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    You are on page 1of 21

    MANUFACTURE OF CHLORINECAUSTIC

    SODA USING ELECTROLYSIS PROCESS

    Introduction

    The Chlor-Alkali industry in India forms an important


    component of basic chemicals industry ,comprising around
    74% of the basic chemicals production in India.

    The Chlor-Alkali Industry in the country produces mainly


    Caustic Soda, Chlorine and Soda Ash.

    The geographic distribution of Chlor-alkali processes worldwide differs appreciably (production capacity of chlorine):
    -western Europe, predominance of mercury cell process
    (June 2000): 55%
    -United States, predominance of diaphragm cell
    process: 75%
    -Japan, predominance of membrane cell process: >90%

    PROPERTIES OF CHLORINE-CAUSTIC SODA-HYROGEN

    CAUSTIC SODA
    Physical State

    Solid.

    Appearance

    White pellets.

    Odor

    Odorless.

    Vapor Pressure

    1 mm Hg @ 739 CO

    Boiling Point

    1390 CO @ 760 mm Hg

    Freezing/Melting Point

    318 CO

    Solubility

    Soluble.

    Specific Gravity/Density

    2.13 g/cm3.

    Molecular Formula

    NaOH.

    Molecular Weight

    40.00

    PH

    14 (5% aq soln).
    4

    CHLORINE

    HYDROGEN

    APPEARANCE AND STATE

    Colorless gas at normal temperature and


    pressure

    ODOR

    Odorless

    MOLECULAR WEIGHT

    2.016

    BOILING POINT (1 atm)

    423.0 _F (-252.8 _C)

    SPECIFIC GRAVITY (Air =1)

    0.06960

    FREEZING POINT/MELTING POINT

    -434.5 F (-259.2 _C)

    GAS DENSITY (At 70 F (21.1 C) and 1 atm):

    0.00521 lb/ft3(0.08342 kg/m3)

    SOLUBILITY IN WATER (Vol/Vol at 60 F (15.6


    C)

    0.019

    SPECIFIC VOLUME (At 70 F (21.1 C) and 1 atm

    192 ft3/lb (11.99m3/kg)

    Competitive Manufacturing
    Process
    There are 3 types of electrolytic
    processes
    used
    in
    the
    production of chlorine:
    (1) The diaphragm cell process
    (2) The mercury cell process
    (3) The membrane cell process

    A salt solution is electrolyzed


    by the action of direct electric
    current that converts chloride
    ions to elemental chlorine. The
    overall process reaction is:

    In all 3 methods, the chlorine is


    produced
    at
    the
    positive
    electrode (anode) and the
    caustic soda and hydrogen are
    produced, directly or indirectly,
    at the negative electrode
    (cathode).

    The Diaphragm cell


    process

    FEATURES
    DIAPHRAGM CELL

    In the diaphragm cell process, there are two


    compartments separated by a permeable diaphragm.
    Brine is introduced into the anode compartment and
    flows into the cathode compartment.
    Similarly to the Membrane Cell, chloride ions am
    oxidized at the anode to produce chlorine, and at the
    cathode, water is split into caustic soda and
    hydrogen.
    The diaphragm prevents the reaction of the caustic
    soda with the chlorine.
    A diluted caustic brine leaves the cell.
    The caustic soda must usually be concentrated to
    50% and the salt removed. This is done using an
    evaporative process.

    The Mercury cell process

    10

    FEATURES
    MERCURY CELL

    Electric current flowing through the cell decomposes the brine


    passing through the narrow space between the electrodes,
    liberating chlorine gas at the anode and metallic sodium at
    the cathode
    The chlorine gas is accumulated above the anode assembly
    and discharged to the purification process.
    As it is liberated at the surface of the mercury cathode and
    the sodium immediately forms an amalgam (a 'mixture' of two
    metals)
    The liquid amalgam flows from the electrolytic cell to a
    separate reactor, called the decomposer, where it reacts with
    water in the presence of a graphite catalyst to form caustic
    soda (sodium hydroxide) and hydrogen gas.
    The sodium-free mercury is fed back into the electrolyser and
    reused.
    11

    The membrane cell


    process

    12

    FEATURES
    MEMBRANE CELL

    This technology uses water-impermeable ion-conducting


    membrane.
    The membrane is made of a special resin which permits
    cations (positive ions) to pass through.
    The anode chamber of a membrane electrolytic cell is filled
    with brine, and the cathode chamber with water.
    These ions migrate when a current is applied: the positively
    charged sodium ions pass through the membrane to the
    cathode chamber, while the negatively charged chloride
    ions are discharged on the anode surface to form chlorine
    gas .
    Water in the cathode chamber partly dissociates into
    hydrogen and hydroxide ions.
    The hydrogen ions capture electrons on the cathode surface
    to form hydrogen gas.
    The hydroxide ions are attracted to the anode, but blocked
    by the membrane, and react with the sodium ions from the
    anode chamber to form caustic soda (sodium hydroxide,
    NaOH)
    13

    SELECTION OF THE PROCESS


    MEMBRANE CELL PROCESS

    The membrane cell process has inherent


    ecological advantages over the two older
    processes, as it does not use mercury or
    asbestos.
    It is the most energy efficient process.
    It is extremely safe to operate it and it
    produces a consistently high quality of
    caustic
    soda.

    14

    15

    16

    PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM

    17

    DIAPHRAGM CELL TYPE


    Anode : Cl - - e

    Cl2

    Cathode: Na+ H2O + e Na+ + OH- + H2


    Overall: NaCl + H2O

    NaOH + H2 + Cl2

    MERCURY CELL PROCESS


    Anode: Cl- - e Cl2
    Cathode: Na+ + e Na
    : Na + Hg NaHg(amalgam)
    Denuding: NaHg + H2O NaOH + H2 + Hg
    Overall: NaCl + H2O NaOH + H2 +Cl2
    2NaCl + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2 +Cl2

    18

    Factors affecting Plant location


    Adequate Supply of Raw materials.
    Proximity to the market Minimum supply time. Relative cost low
    (one third of caustic plants are attached to paper and rayon mills).
    Transport Facilities Good capacity and speedy transportation.
    Supply of Labor Cheap Labor Supply.
    Power Regular Power Supply for operation machinery at full
    capacity.
    Supply of Capital Required for Initial promotion and Expansion.
    Natural Factors Land, Water, Climate(Agriculture based
    Industries).
    Political Factors Favorable Development Policies.
    Government Subsidies Exemptions, Rebates and Subsidies.
    Historical and religious factors.
    Need careful analysis of such factors as cheap power and salt sources
    coupled with risisng cost of transportation.

    19

    Locations of caustic soda plants


    NAME

    PROCESS USED

    Durgapur Chemicals Ltd


    (Durgapur W.B)

    Mercury cell

    J.K Chemicals Ltd ,thane


    (Maharastra)

    Mercury cell

    Sirpur Paper mills ,sirpur


    khaghaz nagar(A.P)

    Diaphragm cell

    Chemfab Alkalies ltd


    (pondicherry)

    Membrane cell

    Rohtas Industries ltd ( bihar)

    Mercury cell
    20

    REFERENCES
    1 ) Subrata Basu , Swapan Kumar Mukhopadhyay , Amitava
    Gangopadhyay and
    Sujata G. Dastidar International
    Research Journal of Environment Sciences Characteristic
    Change of Effluent from a Chlor-alkali Industry of India due
    to Process Modification 2013.
    2) S.Koter.A.Warszawski Polish Journal of Environmental
    Studies Electro- membrane
    Processes in Environment
    Protection (2000)
    3) Yohannes Kiros and Martin Bursell International Journal
    Electrochemistry Science Low Energy Consumption in
    Chlor-alkali Cells Using Oxygen Reduction Electrodes
    (2008)
    4) Rezaee, J. Derayat, S.B. Mortazavi,Y. Yamini and M.T.
    Jafarzadeh American Journal of Environmental Sciences
    Removal of Mercury from Chlor-alkali Industry Wastewater
    using Acetobacter xylinum Cellulose(2005)
    5) Drydens outlines of chemical technology (2012)
    21

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