STORAGE OF

CRUDE OIL
&
PETROLEUM
PRODUCTS
1

Typical Horizontal Oil Storage Tank

Arrangement

14

Fixed roof tanks

Fixed roof conical shape

with no inner floating roof
- Self-supporting Cone Roof (peripheral support)

- Self-supporting Dome Roof: roof formed to approx. of

spherical shape, supported at periphery
- Self-supporting Umbrella Roof: modified domed roof
so formed that any horizontal section is regular polygon
with as many sides as there are roof plates, supported at
periphery
- Supported
Cone
Roof:
A
roof
formed
to
approximately
the
surface of a right cone, with its
principal
support provided by either rafters on girders
and columns or rafters on trusses
with or without
columns.
..contd.
15

16

Fixed Roof Tanks

Fixed roof conical shape:

Inner Floating Roof:
Double beamer tanks used in rain, storm, snow and dirt
(sandy) areas.
Pan type single steel deck
- rim strengthens with stiffness.
- rim (free) of float pan
- height-15 ft, 5 to 200 ft. diameter
plates -3/16 inch , high strength steel.
Hammoud type:
- floating cover is of fiber glass or reinforced polyester
or leather or rigid foam (polyisocyanate) self floating
blankets. Attached to the underside is an anti static
screen
- it does not sink when punctured.
17

Arrangement of fixed-roof tank with internal floating deck

18

Fixed-roof tank with Ultrafloate internal aluminium

floating deck
19

Moving Roof Tanks

Breather Roof Tanks:
Similar to cone roof tanks. Used for
standing storage as opposed to
working
tanks such as floating
roof tanks
Difference when roof is resting on
supports it is in form of inverted
cone
When VP is low, roof rests on
supports & rises whenever there is
increase in VP. Travels upwards to
about a position of a distended
cone roof
Excess vapors are allowed to vent
through a control valve on roof
Conserves
vapors
of
volatile
petroleum liquids stored at approx.
atmospheric pressure
Disadvantage metal bending
leads to cracking of roof sheets at
periphery

20

Moving Roof Tanks

Balloon Roof Tanks:
Similar in design & operation
to Breather Roof Tank
Difference roof is larger
than tank shell diameter.
Since diameter is large, it
provides
greater
displacement capacity
Conserves vapors of volatile
petroleum liquids stored at
approx. atmospheric pressure

Disadvantage metal bending

leads to cracking of roof
sheets at periphery
21

Moving Roof Tanks

Lifter Roof Tank:
* Roof is separate from tank
shell & free to move with
suitable guides & controls
through vertical distance
Ingenious
solution
for
providing large variable
vapor
space
without
needing vapor receivers or
gas holders
The seals are on tanks are
of a liquid type seal or a
fabric type
Conserves
vapors
of
volatile petroleum liquids
stored
at
approx.
atmospheric pressure
22

FLOATING ROOF TANKS

23

FLOATING ROOF TANKS

Roof floats on surface of oil
Rides up & down inside the tank shell as the oil level changes with the peripheral seals
in position
Wind girder is installed near the top of tank which stiffens the tank shell by providing
circumferential support to top of tank when floating roof is low
Basic form of floating roof is flat circular pan that fits snugly inside the tank provided
with a system of flexible shoes / seals to close gap between roof & tank shell
Such tank designs have small vapor space under the seal between side of roof & shoe.
No vapor discharge when pumping into tank, since the volume under seal remains
constant
Danger of fire is also reduced since the oil surface is mostly covered
Immediate dissipation of any static electric charges on the liquid through floating roof
Roof is supported, when it is not afloat, by a number of tubular legs fixed at tank
bottom
Construction is as per API 650 (C)
Advantages:
Eliminates moisture in vapor space
Reduces corrosion problem specially for sour crudes
Eliminates vapor space above oil surface
Low fire risk
Has emission control
Disadvantages:
Initial high cost
More O&M cost
Stability in rain & snowy conditions

24

FLOATING ROOF TANKS

Types:
*

Pan Type Roof

Pontoon Type Roof
Buoy Roof
Double Deck
Inner Floating & outer fixed
roof

Pan Type Roof:

* least stable
Stability
is
affected
by
superimposed loads of rain,
ice & snow
Pot boiling of crude oil for the
lighter components
Leak in the roof will cause it
to sink
Not suitable for petroleum
liquids of RVP > 5psig
25

FLOATING ROOF TANKS

Pontoon Type Roof:
Series of compartmented annular
rings
of
pontoons
around
periphery & a single deck center
Stability is not affected by a leak
in any of the compartments
Air is good heat insulator, liquid
under pontoon is prevented from
boiling & maintains contact with
pontoon, but under center deck
volatile liquids may boil and
cause bulge upwards in center.
Vapors are retained by liquid seal
under pontoons
When center deck cools, center
deck assumes its original contact
position
Suitable for liquids with RVP upto 12 psig
Tanks range in diameters from 24
to 61 meters
26

FLOATING ROOF TANKS

Buoy Type Roof:

Pontoons
&
buoys
which reduces size of
pontoon rings
Even on rupture, deck
will be floating
Buoys help in flatness
of roof & help drainage
as well buoys hold the
supports as load is
distributed in larger
area
Legs
supports
are
provided in buoys
Tanks
range
in
diameters from 61 to
103 meters
27

FLOATING ROOF TANKS

Double Deck Roof:
Uses two separate decks with
an insulating air space between
them
Has unique advantage over the
pontoon roof in as much as the
deck that is exposed to sun &
wind would not be in contact
with the tank fluid, therefore it
is much more efficient in
preventing
the
boiling
/
evaporation as well will keeps
roof in flat condition
Any puncture in any of section
does not effect the flatness of
roof
Good deck drainage
Tanks range in diameters from
61 to 103 meters
28

TANK CONSTRUCTION
Pad (Tank
Foundation)
Tank Bottom
Shell
Roof
- Fixed
- Floating
. Seals
. Supports
29

Pad or Tank Foundation

(API 650, Appendix B)

Pad is constructed to ensure a stable, well-drained

surface with enough load bearing capacity to
support tank & its contents.
A typical section through a tank foundation is
illustrated in Fig. The bitumen-sand mix over the
tank foundation must be waterproof and sufficiently
firm to carry traffic and permit welding of the
bottom plates.
Such an arrangement has been
found satisfactory for ground bearing capacities
over 8300 kg/m2 (3 ton/ft2), but for soft soils it may
be necessary to distribute the concentrated load of
the shell and its attachments over:
a concrete ring wall constructed under the shell
plate which takes up any uneven support from the
poor soil which would, without it, cause differential
peripheral settlement and hence distortion of the
tank shell. Tanks have given satisfactory service on
poor ground, without concrete ring wall support,
but in these cases settlement has taken place
uniformly and not excessively.
pile caps:
- weak soils are by-passed by piles.
- on consolidation of weak soils additions loads to
pile
Each case has to be considered with respect to
allowable soil loadings and the uniformity of these
loadings (API Standard 650, Appendix B) and BS
2654

30

Pad Techniques for Strong & weak

Soils

31

Water-filled Tank Pre-loading

32

AFFECTS OF TANK SETTLEMENT

33

Tank Bottom
After preparation of Pad next operation
is to assemble & test tank Bottom.
The bottom plates are laid on pad &
joined by tack welds.
Bottom plate must extend beyond shell
plate
Bottom plate thickness must include
the corrosion allowance
Bottom plate is to be lap welded
(1.25) & the joints are to be staggered
so that no more than 3 plates are
lapped within 12 of each other or the
shell
Bottom course of shell plate with
bottom plate is to be fillet welded
Once bottom plates & first shell plates
are welded testing under air pressure
is carried out first for its tightness. If
any leaks are found , defective welds
are cut out & replaced.
Manual welding is done by shieldedmetal-arc-process & submerged-arc
process is applied
when automatic
welding is used with the qualified
welders. (API-650)
34

Tank Shell Design

API Standard 650 welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage, section 3.6
Shell Thickness
Thickness by One-Foot Method:
The one-foot method calculates the thickness needed at design points
one foot above the bottom of each shell course.
The required
minimum thickness of shell plates is computed as follows:
Design shell thickness, td, in inches= 2.6D(H-1)G /Sd +C.A.
Hydrostatic test shell thickness, tt in inches = 2.6D(H-1) /St
Where:
D=
nominal diameter of tank in feet (Note)
H = height from the bottom of the course under consideration to the
top of the shell including the top angle, if any, or to the bottom of any
overflow which limits the tank filling height, in feet
G= design specific gravity of liquid to the stored
C.A. = corrosion allowance, in inches, as required
allowable stress for the design condition, in pounds per
Sd =
square inch
St =allowable stress for the hydrostatic test condition, in pounds per
square inch
Note:
35
Nominal tank diameter shall be the centerline diameter of the bottom

TANK SHELL

After testing the bottom, installation of

remaining
courses
begins.
Longer
horizontal side of the shell rectangles is
placed above the first course and so on
for the remaining courses until the full
height of tank is reached.
Plates in each course are held by tack
welds/or clips/or bolts which holds the
weldment in proper alignments until
final butt-welds are made.
Thickness of shell plate increases as
diameter of tanks increases. With the
increasing height the thickness of the
plates decreases from bottom to top of
tank.
Shell plates are properly rolled to bring
the desired curvatures depending on
the diameter of tank.
Last item on shell before placement of
roof is top angle to connect tank roof
plates to tank shell, whereas curb
angle is for the floating roof tanks in
addition to the wind girders which are
appropriately placed/welded outside the
shell to maintain roundness when
subjected to wind loads & these also
work as walkway or as a means of

36

TANK ROOF (FIXED)

After the installation of top angle on shell tank roof is installed. Usually consists of a
no of structural steel or steel pipe columns evenly spaced over area of tank. These
rest in turn on tank bottom & support roof plates by an arrangement of steel girders
& rafters.
Smaller tanks may or may not have a central column but larger tanks have several
girder rings depending on tank diameter. Roof plates are laid over the supporting
structure in the same way as that of bottom plates.
Roof is shaped like a cone & normally slopes up towards centre of tank at a inch
of rise to each horizontal foot.
Many of the tank fittings / accessories are welded on the roof as per design
requirements at specified places.
Normal venting in non-pressure fixed-roof tanks takes the form of open or free-flow
atmospheric vents, which allow the unimpeded flow of vapors out of, and of air into
the tank and, at the same time, prevent rain and airborne dust from getting into the
tank.
Pressure roof tanks are provided with breather vents / valves (slide - 41 ) which
have two important functions:
* they minimize the vapor losses from volatile liquids that would occur by free
Venting
* they protect the tank from excessive pressure (or over-vacuum).
37

Tank Grades and Firewalls

(Storage Premises)

Important consideration in the layout of storage premises is

SAFETY, both of public & plant.
Pertinent government regulations will determine the
requirements for a dike or firewall around a tank or tank farm
installation. The dike or firewall should be of sufficient size to
contain at least the volume of the largest tank inside the dike
area. Area inside dike area is sloped so as to drain any surface
water away from the tanks. A pipe drain is usually installed to
provide an outlet for any accumulations within the dike area.
Another purpose of firewalls is to protect nearby tanks or
buildings in the event of fire. Light refined oils usually burn
quietly until they are extinguished. But crude oil and heavy
oils are likely to boil over after burning for some time in the
tank. This occurs when the surface hot oil, by convection,
reaches the bottom of the tank which has a lower temperature
layer of water present in most tanks. The hot oil will cause
the water to flash into steam, which throws a wave of burning
oil up and over the side of the tank. The firewall is designed
to stop this wave of hot oil.
A related aspect of this situation is that operating companies
38
prefer that stocks of waxy gas oils and heavy fuel oils be kept

Floating Tank Roof Seals

Space between the floating roof & tank shell is
required to be effectively sealed to avoid
serious loss of vapors. Sealing methods are:

Metallic Ring Seal

Fabric Seals
Metallic Ring Seal:

Space between the floating roof and the tank

shell is closed by means of a series of
galvanized steel shoes, joined together to
form a ring.
A continuous flexible fabric material is placed
between the top of the shoes and the rim of
the floating roof, the upper and lower edges
of the fabric being secured by bolts to the
shoes and rim of the floating roof.
It is
essential that the fabric be robust, vaportight, waterproof and resistant to attack by oil
vapors.
The effectiveness of a seal depends upon he
maintenance of a constant superficial contact
between the shoe of the seal and the tank
shell. A gentle pressure is necessary to cause
the shoe to bear against the shell, yet allow
shoe to ride over any local protrusions on the
shell surface without severe abrasion.
Supporting shoe and exerting gentle pressure
is by means of the pantagraph hanger.
Another type of shoe support exerts pressure
on the shoe by adjustable springs secured to
the tank roof.
In this latter type, no part of mechanism is

39

Peripheral Seal (Pantograph Hanger) on a floating roof Tank

damaged by fire as a result of LIGHTENING DISCHARGE
40

Fabric Seals:

Floating Tank Roof Seals

With this type of seal, the

annular space between the floating roof
and the shell of the tank is closed by an oilresisting fabric in tube from, the tube
being filled with liquid, or gas under slight
pressure (about 50.8 kgf/m2 (2 in. w.g.).
The attractive feature of the fabric seal is
its ability to conform to the tank shape so
that, when correctly fitted, there should be
no petroleum vapor in the space between
the roof and shell above the fabric seal.
The fabric is made of a strong material, e.g.
nylon, coated with an oil-resisting synthetic
rubber, and the liquid filling may be fuel oil
or the liquid product in the tank.
An
obvious weakness of the fabric seal design
is the possibility of the fabric being
punctured by some sharp protrusion in the
shell; the later should therefore be
thoroughly examined before installing the
seal.
To overcome this possibility, a
resilient seal, made of a urethane foam
fabric which has the desired resistance to
hydrocarbon vapors, are being used.
All the foregoing types of fabric seals are
protected from the weather, falling rust
scale, etc., by hinged metal weathershields which also serve to provide an
electrical conducting path between the
deck of the floating roof and the tank shell.

41

Tank Fittings / Accessories

Manholes:
- Shell: bottom of first course for
cleaning & repair of internal tank,
depending on capacity these can be 2 or
3
- Roof: may be located in any position
wrt stairway for skylight- 1 or 2 nos.
(diametrically opposite) for entering
tank & depending on location of swing
check valve
Shell nozzles: flanged piping connection
for filling, emptying , fire fighting &
circulating etc.
Roof nozzles: flanged for relief valve,
vents, gauge /and or thief hatches,
breather valves and hydraulic safety
valve etc. mostly provided with flame
arrestors.
Drain connections: one or more for
draining water from floating roof tanks
or from the tank bottom
Steel stairways & access platforms

Tank accessories/appurtenances, (API-650,

section 3.8)

42

Tank Fittings / Accessories

..

Contd.
Gauge
/
Thief
Hatches:
provide access to
inside of tank for
taking
dips
for
measuring
oil
volume
&
withdrawing
oil
samples.
Opening diameter:
100 to 150 mm
Upper
edge
of
hatch opening ring
is always provided
with anti- spark
material e.g. brass
or copper

43

FLAME ARRESTOR
Tubes or a bundle of
wiremesh (ME) in the
device prevent a vent
flame travelling back
into tank
Have tendency to plug
with paraffins & thus
must be installed at
places where they can
be
inspected
and
maintained
Since
they
have
a
tendency to plug so a
separate
relieving
device (set to open a
few inches of w.c. above
Relieving Device) is
invariably installed

44

Tank Fittings / Accessories

.. Contd.

Breathing Valve:
acts in 2 way mode.
Automatically
admits
air
when liquid is withdrawn or
VP in tank reduces due to
fall in temp.

Automatically opens in
opposite direction to permit
vapor to escape if pr.
Increases beyond the set
limit due to rise in temp. of
level i.e. filling of tank
Valve
is
designed
for
operation at (+ve) surplus
pr. Of 110 mm of water (with
pr. Plate not loaded) and at
surplus pressure equal to
190 mm of water ( with pr.
Plate loaded)
Various conventional models
have opening 50 to 350 mm
with vapors throughput from
15 to 600 cu. M / hr.
45

Tank Breathing Loss

46

Tank Fittings / Accessories

.. Contd.

Hydraulic safety Valve:

SV with hydraulic seal
Designed to prevent
excessive
pr.
&
excessive vacuum in
case breather valve
fails to operate
At 200 mm of water pr.
in vapor space, valve
lets vapor out into
atmosphere
&
at
vacuum of 40 mm of
water in tank valve
opens
to
let
atmospheric air into
tank
Conventional passage
diameters vary from
100 to 350 mm with
throughput
ranging
from 50 to > 600
cu.m / hr.

47

Tank Fittings / Accessories

.. Contd.

Foam Chamber: introduce

foam on circumference
of shell below roof
angle
Serve for extinguishing
fires inside oil tanks
Both fixed & semi-fixed
methods use same
foam making devices
No of foam chambers
depend on capacity of
tanks
Capacity(K.cu.m.)
Chambers
Up to 1 1
1 to 3
2
3 to 5
3
5 to 8
4
>8 6
48

Tank Fittings / Accessories

Swing check Valves:
serve
to
prevent
oil
losses
through
leaky
places of pipelines & tank
gate valve
Mounted inside tank on
end of intake & discharge
connection and closes
tightly its inside hole
Is raised by a side control
unit

If unit fails to operate,

then it is controlled with
spare control rope , one
end of which is connected
with loop & other end to
skylight
Swing Control Valve Side
Unit:
purpose is to open or
close valve & also to keep
it in open position

.. Contd.

49

Tank Fittings / Accessories

.. Contd.

Swing
pipe
Device is used
to siphon off
the clean i.e.
treated
fluids
from any of the
upper places in
tanks which are
used
washing
the crude oil
e.g.
for
desalination
etc.
50

Supports for floating Roof: The roof

is supported, when it is not afloat,
by a number of tubular legs. Each
leg is free to move within a sleeve
attached to the roof, the position of
the leg being fixed at one of two
points by a securing pin, as show in
Fig. One fixing point corresponds to
the minimum height of the tank
roof in the lowest working position
0.76 m (2.5 ft) above the tank
floor; the other supports the roof
1.83 m (6 ft) above the tank
bottom, which is the minimum
clearance between the tank roof
and the floor for maintenance work
to be carried out. Bleeder vents in
the roof permit the escape of air
when an empty or near-empty tank
is being filled and before the roof is
afloat. They also serve to protect
the tank against drawing a vacuum,
since they are designed to open
automatically just before the roof
lands on its supports.

51

Tank Fittings / Accessories

Steel
Stairways
platforms:

&

.. Contd.

access

* Spiral stairways (with handrails) are

mostly built along the outer shell
periphery of tank with one or two
horizontal platforms depending on
the height of the tank.
On conical roof tanks stairways
mostly end on the horizontal fenced
platform used for gauging / sampling
of tank.
Access to floating roof tanks(slide-19)
is provided by a roller ladder, one
end of which is hinged to gaugers
platform at top of access stair- way &
other end is free to move on rollers
on a runway fixed to roof as it moves
up and down
No one is allowed to descend to floating
roof unless he is wearing a suitable
breathing apparatus & a life line, one
end
of which is held by another person at
gaugers platform.
Automatic gauging for volume
measurements dispenses need to climb
Stairways
Tank Drencher system / Pipings

52

Testing of Tank Shell & Roof

Shell is usually tested for tightness using water. Roof test is made by pumping air under the
roof until a pressure of about one ounce per square inch is achieved. Then solution film
(soapsuds) is applied to all joints and fittings to detect leaks. All of the connection welds
are tested by methods acceptable to API Standard 650, Inspection, testing and Repairs.

Strapping Tanks

The term tank strapping is usually applied to the method of taking and reporting the
dimensions of tanks. Tank tables are computed from these dimensions which will show the
volume of liquid in the tanks at any measured depth. A tank strapper is an individual who
is involved in taking these measurements. The strapping of a tank usually involves the
following:
Circumference
Depth
Thickness of tank walls
Deadwood
Pipeline connections
Once these measurements are taken, the volume of oil in barrels at various depths, usually
in 1/8 inch or inch increments, is computed. Measurement and calibration procedures
are covered in API Standard 2550 series for upright cylindrical tanks and horizontal tanks.

Tank calibration is usually split into two separate operations:

field measurements
preparing the gauge tables

53

Tank Gauging
Tank gauging is the measuring, sampling and testing of crude oil to
determine its quantity and quality.
Activities related to gauging are as follows:
Gauging measuring the depth of the oil in the tank
Recording tank temperature
Sample and testing for API gravity and temperature
Sampling and testing for BS&W (basic sediment and water) in suspension
Crude oil is generally sold and bought at standard conditions, i.e., 60 0F
and atmospheric pressure.
Therefore, observed oil temperatures are
converted to 600 F for net barrels of oil.
Sampling is accomplished with the use of very unique piece of equipment
called a thief. The most common type of tank thief consists of a square
or round tube 18 inches long and at least 2 inches in diameters. When a
sample of the bottom contents of a tank is needed, the thief is lowered in
an open position and closed by an automatic tripping device or extension
rod. There are a variety of ways to sample as well as a variety of locations
on the tank from which to sample.
API Standard 2545 - Method of Gauging Petroleum and Petroleum
Products, deals with guidelines and procedures for strapping and gauging
54

Tank gauging & temp, measuring instruments on a fixed roof tank

55

Tank Gauging instrument on a fixed-roof tank

(This instrument has a surface-sensing element protected by means of a still-pipe)

56

57

Tank Maintenance
Tanks and their accessories must be maintained in order to ensure safe and
efficient operations. Some of the more basic and more common maintenance
procedures are:
Tank paintings & coatings
Corrosion

Tank paintings & coatings

Purpose of painting tanks:
to protect the metal from the corrosive effects of its surroundings
to protect the product stored in a tank from contamination by the internal surface
of the tank
to retard or increase the flow of heat through the tank walls
The outside surfaces of tanks are painted or coated to protect them from corrosion
and rusting. Tanks are usually painted white or other reflecting color which tends
to limit heat gain due to solar radiation. Often if the liquid to be stored is
corrosive, an interior coating may be applied such as epoxy or rubber in lieu of a
corrosive allowance. The general rule is that any tank surface in contact with the
stored liquid is left unpainted dependent on the stored product.
Recent approach to the painting of the interior of tanks has been to apply an epoxy
coating to the bottom and the first few feet of the shell as these areas are the
most likely / or are exposed to the water / sludge at bottom in crude oil tanks.
PAINTING also reduces vapor losses due to solar radiation effects. Avg. temp. of
stored product will vary with color:
Aluminum 00F, Chalking White -50F, Grey +50F & Black +100F

58

Corrosion
An area of primary concern with respect to corrosion is the tank bottom.
Avoiding this potential corrosion of tank bottoms due to electrical currents is
based on the theory that if the currents are controlled, the corrosion will
also be controlled. The electrical currents associated with tanks bottoms
are produced by chemical reactions of one sort or another.
There are three basic types of electrolytic cells: the galvanic, chemical
concentration and oxygen types.
The galvanic cell is characterized by the following:
two electrodes of dissimilar metals
the presence of an electrolyte, a liquid in which the electrodes are placed;
i.e., moisture in soil, is an example of an electrolyte
an external connection between the two electrodes to complete the flow of
electricity from cathode to anode
Once the circuit is complete, the anode will tend to go into solution, or
corrode.

59

Advantages & Disadvantages of Protection Methods

Method

Advantage

Disadvantage

Coal tar epoxy or epoxy

coatings

Low cost and ease of

application

*
Susceptible
to
holidays or voids.
* Catalyst can present
a
dermatology
problem.
* Has no structural
integrity, therefore will
fail
with
underside
corrosion

Glass reinforced epoxy

lining

* Excellent chemical
and solvent resistance.
* Provides structural
integrity
and
will
bridge gaps caused by
underside corrosion.
*
Less susceptible to
holidays

*
High cost
* The catalysts can
cause
dermatology
problems.

Glass
reinforced
isophthalic polyesters

*
Lower cost than
epoxies.
*
Good chemical
resistances.
* Provides structural
integrity
and
will

*
Are
attacked
by
strong
caustic
and
aromatics

60

Typical arrangement for top (open) filling of "road

tankers

61

Typical arrangement for top (open) filling of rail tankers

62

PRECAUTIONS WHILE FILLING & GAUGING STORAGE TANKS

Avoid overshot filling i.e. filling through top inlets with free fall of liquids
Jeep tank entry velocity low until inlet is clearly submerged
Do not use water to clear pipelines or use water to separate different
grades of petroleum
Regularly drain water from tanks
Avoid agitation of tank contents by air, steam or gas
Take care to avoid belches of air being pumped into tanks
Do not manually gauge tanks when liquid is in movement
Allow at least 30 minutes after pumping has stopped before manual
gauging; if appreciable water contamination is likely, then this period
should be extended at least by one hour
Floating metal objects e.g. sample cans or metal gauge floats, which have
detached should be searched for & removed from tanks

Wear conductive footwear e.g. leather soles or electrically conducting

soles, when gauging, sampling or taking temperatures
Do not gauge or sample tanks during the periods of hail storms or lightening
Avoid inhalation of vapors escaping from gauge hatch when opened
momentarily
Wear canister respirator for hydrogen sulphide atmosphere in case crude oil
under storage is sour
Fence the gauging platform securely, to avid accident to operator

63

64

65