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    Korean Architecture

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    Juliet InzaCruz
    The architectural styles of early Korean architecture were influenced by China and shared similarities with Japanese architecture. Over time, the three Korean kingdoms--Koguryo, Paekche, and Silla--developed distinct architectural styles. Koguryo architecture used sturdy construction methods while Paekche introduced curvilinear designs. During the Unified Silla period, Pulguksa Temple and Sokkuram Grotto were constructed as representative examples of Buddhist architecture. In the Koryo Dynasty, architecture incorporated Song Chinese influences like column bracketing. Under the Joseon Dynasty, Confucianism was promoted and architectural styles became simpler, focusing on Confucian structures over Buddhist temples.

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    Korean Architecture

    Uploaded by

    Juliet InzaCruz
    1K views32 pages
    The architectural styles of early Korean architecture were influenced by China and shared similarities with Japanese architecture. Over time, the three Korean kingdoms--Koguryo, Paekche, and Silla--developed distinct architectural styles. Koguryo architecture used sturdy construction methods while Paekche introduced curvilinear designs. During the Unified Silla period, Pulguksa Temple and Sokkuram Grotto were constructed as representative examples of Buddhist architecture. In the Koryo Dynasty, architecture incorporated Song Chinese influences like column bracketing. Under the Joseon Dynasty, Confucianism was promoted and architectural styles became simpler, focusing on Confucian structures over Buddhist temples.

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    The architectural styles of early Korean architecture were influenced by China and shared similarities with Japanese architecture. Over time, the three Korean kingdoms--Koguryo, Paekche, and Silla--developed distinct architectural styles. Koguryo architecture used sturdy construction methods while Paekche introduced curvilinear designs. During the Unified Silla period, Pulguksa Temple and Sokkuram Grotto were constructed as representative examples of Buddhist architecture. In the Koryo Dynasty, architecture incorporated Song Chinese influences like column bracketing. Under the Joseon Dynasty, Confucianism was promoted and architectural styles became simpler, focusing on Confucian structures over Buddhist temples.

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    1K views32 pages

    Korean Architecture

    Uploaded by

    Juliet InzaCruz
    The architectural styles of early Korean architecture were influenced by China and shared similarities with Japanese architecture. Over time, the three Korean kingdoms--Koguryo, Paekche, and Silla--developed distinct architectural styles. Koguryo architecture used sturdy construction methods while Paekche introduced curvilinear designs. During the Unified Silla period, Pulguksa Temple and Sokkuram Grotto were constructed as representative examples of Buddhist architecture. In the Koryo Dynasty, architecture incorporated Song Chinese influences like column bracketing. Under the Joseon Dynasty, Confucianism was promoted and architectural styles became simpler, focusing on Confucian structures over Buddhist temples.

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    KOREAN ARCHITECTURE

    The architectural character of Japanese


    architecture of early period, like its other artifacts,
    is similar to that of korea.
    While the architectural evolution of Japan and
    Korea were parallel, and both much indebted to
    the Chinese and the Mongols . The consonant
    nature of the development in both countries will be
    apparent. The main classification for Korean
    architecture is by building type; within each
    category, architectural character is lealt within by
    period .

    Religion

    Religion in Koreaencompasses a number of different traditions.


    Theindigenous religion ofKorea and of theKorean people isKorean
    shamanism.

    Korean Buddhismhad flourished in past centuries of thehistory of Korea


    but was suppressed throughout theJoseonera, which supportedKorean
    Confucianismas a state religion.

    Christianitywas promoted by the ruling and intellectual class in the final


    decades of the Joseon state, in the late 19th century, while the Confucian
    social structure was rapidly crumbling.

    Since thedivision of Koreainto two sovereign states in


    1945,North KoreaandSouth Korea, religious life in the two
    countries has diverged, A shaped by different political
    structures:
    Religion in South Korea has been characterised by a rise
    ofChristianityand a revival of Buddhism. After beingsuppressed
    for decades,Korean shamanismhas survived, and shamans
    continue to perform their rites.

    Religion in North Korea is characterised by astate atheisin


    which public religious practices are prohibited. At the same time,
    the government shows support forCheondoism a form of Korean
    indigenous religion and is allowing a small revival forBuddhism
    occur

    Korean shamanism,
    also known asMuism(Korean: Mugyo"mu[shaman]
    religion") or Sinism( )}Shingyo religion of
    theshin(hanja: ) [gods]", is theethnic religionofKorea and
    theKoreans
    In contemporary Korean language, the shaman-priest
    ormu(hanja: ) is known as amudang(Hangul:
    hanja: ) if female orbaksu if male, although other
    names and locations are used.
    Koreanmu"shaman" is synonymous withChinesewu, which
    defines priests both male and female.The role of
    themudangis to act as intermediary between thespirits
    orgods, and the human plain, throughgut (rituals), seeking to

    Korean Buddhism

    is distinguished from other forms ofBuddhismby its attempt to


    resolve what it sees as inconsistencies inMahayana Buddhism.

    Early Korean monks believed that the traditions they received from
    foreign countries were internally inconsistent. To address this, they
    developed a newholisticapproach to Buddhism.

    This approach is characteristic of virtually all major Korean thinkers,


    and has resulted in a distinct variation of Buddhism, which is called
    Tongbulgyo ("interpenetrated Buddhism"), a form that sought to
    harmonize all disputes (a principle called hwajaeng ) by Korean
    scholars.

    Korean Buddhist thinkers refined their predecessors' ideas into a


    distinct form.

    Pre Historic Period


    TheSan guo chih, one of the earliest sources documented about
    ancient Korea written in Chinese, recorded the existence of three
    types of prehistoric dwellings in Korea:
    pit houses a tripod-like frame made of timber to provide
    protection from the wind and rain.
    log houses built by laying logs horizontally one on top of one
    another.
    elevated houses - originated in the southern regions, are believed
    to have first been built as storage houses to store grains out of the
    reach of animals and to keep them cool.

    Three Kingdoms Period


    The Koguryo Kingdom (37B.C.-A.D.668)
    was the first of the Korean kingdoms to be exposed to Chinese Han culture
    It was characterized by powerful lines and sturdy construction, necessitated
    by the rugged terrain and harsh climate of the country.
    Patterned tiles and ornate bracket systems were already in use in many
    palaces in P'yongyang, the capital, and other town-fortresses in what now
    is Manchuria.
    The excavations disclosed that the temples were built in a Koguryo style
    known as "three Halls-one Pagoda," with each hall in the east, west and

    The construction of Buddhist temples was enthusiastically


    undertaken after Buddhism was introduced in 372 by way of
    northern China.

    A series of excavations in 1936-1938 unearthed the sites of


    several major temples near P'yongyang, including those in Ch'
    ongam-ri, Wono-ri and Sango-ri.

    Murals in tombs dating from Koguryo also reveal a great deal


    about the architecture of that period as many of them depict
    buildings which have pillars with entasis. Many have capitals on
    top of them

    The Paekche Period ( 18 BC- 660 )


    influenced by Koguryo as well as by southern China. As it expanded
    southward, moving its capital to Ungjin (currently, Kongju) in 475 and to Sabi
    (currently Puyo) in 538, its arts became richer and more refined than that of
    Koguryo.
    characteristic of Paekche architecture is its use of curvilinear designs.
    in the building sites, patterned tiles and other relics, as well as the stone
    pagodas that have survived the ravages of time, testifies to the highly
    developed culture of Paekche.
    Two pagodas remains from the Paekche , one in Iksan , the Miruksa

    Miruksa temple
    -the largest in
    Paekche, was excavated
    in 1980 at Iksan of
    Chollabuk-do province
    - the oldest of all
    Korean pagodas.

    Chonginam Temple

    The Shilla Kingdom ( 57 BC-935)


    Buddhist influence after 527

    Hwangnyongsa temple

    Pulguksa, Tabotap Pagoda


    ( Shilla , eight century )

    TheSamguk sagi(MemorabiliaoftheThreeKingdoms)
    recordsthattherewasanine-storywoodenpagodabuiltherein645
    thatwasabout80metershighbytoday'sscale.

    The Unified Shilla Period ( 668


    935 )

    Shilla defeated Paekche in 660 and Koguryo in 668 to unify


    the Korean Peninsula for the first time under what is known as
    the Unified Shilla (668-935). Given the spiritual role of
    Buddhism in helping to bring about the fall of the two
    kingdoms, the religion flourished, and along with it, its
    architecture and art forms.

    Pulguksa templeand its grotto shrine,Sokkuram, being


    the most representative examples.

    Pulguksa Temple

    Sokkuram Grotto - a man-made shrine in Mt. T'ohamsan, is


    the greatest artistic masterpiece of the grotto movement which
    ran across the whole East Asia, originating in India.

    Koryo Dynasty
    Influenced by the architectural trends of Song China,
    The culture of the Koryo Dynasty inherited Shilla culture,
    including Buddhism.
    Koryo in its early years developed a unique architectural
    style featuring curved bracket arms on top of columns
    called column head bracketing.

    Kungnakchon

    Someexamplesofthiscolumn-headstylinginclude:

    Muryangsujon,

    Taeungjon,

    theSakyamuniHallofSudoksatempleinYesan

    Ch'ungch'ongnam-do province and the entrance


    gate of the Kaeksa (Guest House) in Kangnung,
    Kangwon-do province.

    During this period, Buddhism became tinged with Taoism, shamanism and
    other belief systems. The traditional styles of "one Pagoda" or "two
    Pagodas" for a certain number of halls disappeared from use as such
    shrines

    Sanshin-gak for the Sanshin, or "Mountain Spirit,

    Choson Dynasty
    The Choson Dynasty suppressed Buddhism in favor of Confucianism.
    Under such circumstances, the construction of temples declined
    drastically, while the construction of Confucian shrines and private and
    public Confucian academies flourished.
    A simpler system of column-head bracketing was generally favored in
    the highly Confucian society, though the multicluster bracket style was
    still used in some buildings.

    Kungnakchon of Muwisa temple,

    Kuksajon and Hasadang of Songgwangsa temple

    Haet'almungateofTogapsatemple

    Choson period town walls are best exemplified by ones constructed around
    Seoul which were built in 1396, and rebuilt in 1422. The walls around Suwon
    were completed in 1796. The Seoul City wall included four major gates at
    each compass point and four smaller ones in between each of them.
    The vast majority of the Choson palaces were destroyed during the Japanese
    invasions of 1592-1598. Most of the wooden palace buildings now extant in
    Seoul were reconstructed during the middle and late Choson periods.
    The roofs of the palace gates are hipped while the roofs of the main
    structures are hipped and gabled. Decorative ceramic figures in the shape of
    dragons and other animal heads are at each end of the ridges and rows
    ofchapsang, which are clay figures derived from a popular Chinese story, line
    the sloping ridges to guard against evil spirits
    The ceilings of the major buildings are finished with checkered panels or with
    highly decorated canopies that hide the framework of the roofs. Brackets and
    ceilings are colorfully painted, and the areas where the tie beams and pillars
    meet are decorated with carved corbels.

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