1

All Bold Numbered Problems

Chapter 6 Outline

Energy -vs- Heat

Specific Heat
First Law of Thermodynamics
q (Heat)
Hesss Law

THERMOCHEMISTRY
or

Thermodynamics

Energy & Chemistry

Burning peanuts
supply sufficient
energy to boil a cup
of water.

Burning sugar
(sugar reacts with
KClO3, a strong
oxidizing agent)

Energy and Chemistry

2 H2(g) + O2(g) --> 2 H2O(g) + heat and light

This can be set up to provide

ELECTRIC ENERGY in a fuel cell.

Oxidation:

2 H2 ---> 4 H+ + 4 e-

Reduction:

4 e- + O2 + 2 H2O ---> 4 OH-

Energy and Chemistry

ENERGY is the capacity to do work
or transfer heat.

HEAT is the form of energy that flows

between 2 samples because of their
difference in temperature.
Other types of energy
light
electrical
kinetic and potential

Kinetic and Potential Energy

Potential energy:
energy stored in
chemical due to
its structure.
The energy of a
motionless body
due to its position.

Kinetic and Potential Energy

Kinetic energy:
energy of motion.
Translational
Rotational
Vibrational
(IR)

Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics is the science of
heat (energy) transfer.

Heat energy is associated

with molecular motions.

10

Energy and Chemistry

All of thermodynamics
depends on the law of

THE CONSERVATION
OF ENERGY.
The total energy of a
system is constant.

UNITS OF ENERGY
1 calorie = heat required to raise
temp. of 1.00 g of H2O by 1.0 oC.
1000
1000 cal
cal == 11 kilocalorie
kilocalorie == 11 kcal
kcal
11 kcal
kcal == 11 Calorie
Calorie (a
(a food
food calorie)
calorie)

The
The S.I
S.I sytem
sytem uses
uses
the
the unit
unit called
called the
the
JOULE
JOULE
11 cal
cal == 4.18
4.18 Joules
Joules

James Joule
1818-1889

11

Specific Heat Capacity

Thermochemistry is the science of
heat (energy) flow. A difference in
temperature leads to energy transfer.
The heat lost or gained is related to
a)
sample mass
b)
change in T
c)
specific heat capacity
Specific heat capacity
=
heat lost or gained by substance (J)
(mass, g)(T change, K)

12

13

Specific Heat Capacity

Substance
H2O
Al
glass

Spec. Heat (J/gK)

4.18
0.902
0.84

Aluminum

CHEMICAL
CHEMICAL REACTIVITY
REACTIVITY
What drives chemical reactions?
How do they occur?
The first is answered by THERMODYNAMICS
and the second by KINETICS.
Have already seen a number of driving forces
for reactions that are PRODUCT-FAVORED.
formation of a precipitate
gas formation
H2O formation (acid-base reaction)
electron transfer in a battery

14

CHEMICAL
CHEMICAL REACTIVITY
REACTIVITY

15

But ENERGY TRANSFER also allows us to

predict reactivity.
In general, reactions that transfer energy to
their surroundings are product-favored.
So, let us consider heat transfer in chemical
processes.

16

Heat
Heat Energy
Energy Transfer
Transfer in
in
Chemical
Chemical Processes
Processes
CO2 (s, -78 oC) ---> CO2 (g, -78 oC)

17

FIRST LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS
heat energy transferred (to the system)

E = q + w
energy
change

work done
(by the
surroundings)

Energy is conserved!

The First Law of Thermodynamics is

the law of conservation of energy.
E = q + w

E is the change in Energy, q is heat, w is work

Enthalpy (H), defined H = E + PV.

H = E + P V at constant pressure (only V and T change).

If w = - PV (because V does not change in a typical lab experiment,
only T changes) and H = q + w + PV

H = qp (for chemist in a lab which means

only T changes)

18

ENTHALPY
ENTHALPY
Most chemical reactions occur at
constant P.
qp =

H = change in heat content of the system

H = Hfinal - Hinitial
How do we measure q in the lab?

19

20

Specific Heat Capacity

If 25.0 g of Al cool
from 310 oC to 37 oC,
how many joules of
heat energy are lost
by the Al?

Substance
(J/gK)
H2O
Al
glass

Specific heat capacity =

heat lost or gained by substance (J)
(mass, g)(T change, K)

q (C )(m)(T )
C = Specific Heat, units of J/(gK)

Spec. Heat
4.18
0.902
0.84

or

Specific Heat Capacity

21

If 25.0 g of Al cool from 310. oC to 37

oC, how many joules of heat energy are
lost by the Al?
heat gain/lost = q = (C)(mass)( T)

where T = Tfinal - Tinitial

q = (0.902 J/gK)(25.0 g)(37 - 310.)K

q = - 6160 J

Heat
Heat Energy
Energy Transfer
Transfer in
in
Chemical
Chemical Processes
Processes

22

Heat flows FROM the SYSTEM into the

SURROUNDINGS is an EXOTHERMIC process.

q is -
The reaction
feels hot.
Energy given
Off!

Heat
Heat Energy
Energy Transfer
Transfer in
in
Chemical
Chemical Processes
Processes

23

Heat flows INTO the SYSTEM from the

SURROUNDINGS is an ENDOTHERMIC process.

q is +
The reaction
feels cold.
Energy Added!

Specific Heat Capacity

24

If 25.0 g of Al cool from 310 oC to 37 oC, how many

joules of heat energy are lost by the Al?

q = - 6160 J
q = - 6.16 kJ
Notice that the negative sign on q
signals heat lost by or transferred
out of Al. Is this Exo or Endothermic?

Specific Heat Capacity

25

A 500.0 g piece of metal is heated to 75.0 0C. It

is placed into 300. mL of water at 22.0 0C and
the final temperature is 31.0 0C. Calculate the
specific heat of the metal.

qwater +

qmetal = 0

qwater = -qmetal
(300. g)(4.18 J/gK)(9.0oC) = -(500.0 g)(c)(-44.0oC)
c = 0.51 J/gK

Specific
Specific Heat
Heat Capacity
Capacity

26

To 150 g of water at 25oC is added 45 g of Al at 115oC, what will

be the final temperature?
Al 0.902

Heat
Heat Transfer
Transfer and
and
Changes
Changes of
of State
State

27

Changes of state involve energy

Ice -----> Water

333 J/g (heat of fusion)

+ energy

Exo or Endo? Sign of q?

28

Heat
Heat Transfer
Transfer and
and
Changes
Changes of
of State
State
Liquid ---> Vapor
Requires energy (heat).
This is the reason
a) you cool down after
swimming
b) you use water to put
out a fire.

+ energy

29
29

Heat
Heat and
and Changes
Changes of
of State
State
What quantity of heat is required to change
10.0 g of ice at -50.0 oC to steam at 200.0 oC?
Endo or Exo? Sign of q?
Heat of fusion of ice = 333 J/g
Heat of vaporization = 2260 J/g

+333 J/g

+2260 J/g

30

Heating/Cooling
Heating/Cooling Curve
Curve for
for Water
Water

4
3

2
1

Heat
Heat and
and Changes
Changes of
of State
State
1.
To heat ice
q = (10.0 g)(2.09 J/gK)(50.0K) = 1050J
2.
To melt ice
q = (10.0 g)(333 J/g) = 3330J
3.
To heat water
q = (10.0 g)(4.18 J/gK)(100.K) = 4180J
4.
To evaporate water
q = (10.0 g)(2260 J/g) = 22600J
5.
To heat steam
q = (10.0 g)(2.03 J/gK)(100.0K) = 2030J

Total heat energy = 33190.J = 33.190kJ

31

32

Heat
Heat and
and Changes
Changes of
of State
State
Calculate the amount of heat energy necessary
to change 25.0 g of copper solid at 925 o C to
liquid at 1083o C. Melting point = 1083o C,
csolid = 0.382 J/g.K, Heat of fusion = 205 J/g.
q1 = (25.0 g)(.382 J/gK)(1083oC-925oC)= 1510 J
q2 = (25.0 g)(205 J/g) = 5120 J
qT = q1 + q2 = 6630 J

Endo- and Exothermic

qsystem > 0

T(system) goes up

ENDOTHERMIC
Heat goes in the system

33

qsystem < 0
T(system) goes down

EXOTHERMIC
Heat leaves
the system

USING ENTHALPY

34

Consider the decomposition of water

H2O(g) + 242 kJ ---> H2(g) + 1/2 O2(g)
Endo or Exo?

Endothermic reaction
Heat is a reactant
H = + 242 kJ

USING ENTHALPY
Making H2 from H2O involves two steps.
Each step requires energy.

Liquid H2O
H2 + O2 gas
H2O vapor

35

USING ENTHALPY
Making H2 from H2O involves two steps.
H2O(liq) + 44 kJ ---> H2O(g)
H2O(g) + 242 kJ ---> H2(g) + 1/2 O2(g)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------

H2O(liq) + 286 kJ --> H2(g) + 1/2 O2(g)

Example of HESSS LAW

If a rxn. is the sum of 2 or more
others, the net H is the sum of
the Hs of the other rxns.

36

USING ENTHALPY
Calc. H for:

S(s) + 3/2 O2(g) --> SO3(g)

Given:
S(s) + O2(g) --> SO2(g)
SO2(g) + 1/2 O2(g) --> SO3(g)

H1 = -320.5 kJ
H2 = -75.2 kJ

The two equations add up to give the

desired equation, so -

Hnet = H1 + H2 = -395.7 kJ

37

38

ENERGY
Ssolid
directpath
+3/2O2
H=

395.7kJ
SO3gas

+O2
H1=

320.5kJ

SO2gas
+1/2O2
H2=75.2kJ

HH along
along one
one path
path ==
HH along
along another
another path
path

39

H
H along
along one
one path
path ==
H
H along
along another
another path
path
This equation is valid
because H is a STATE
FUNCTION
State functions depend only
on the state of the system
and not how it got there.
Examples: V, T, P, energy
and your bank account!
Unlike V, T, and P, one cannot
measure absolute H. We can
only measure H.

40

Standard
Standard Enthalpy
Enthalpy Values
Values
Most H values are labeled Ho
Measured under standard conditions
P = 1 atmosphere or 1 bar, (105Pascals)
Concentration = 1 mol/L
T = 25 oC
with all species in standard states
e.g., C = graphite and O2 = gas, etc.

41

Standard
Standard Enthalpy
Enthalpy Values
Values

42

NIST (National Institute for Standards and

Technology) gives values of

Hof = standard molar enthalpy of

formation

This is the enthalpy change when 1 mole of

compound is formed from elements under
standard conditions.
See Table 6.2 and Appendix L

oo
H
H ff,, standard
standard molar
molar
enthalpy
enthalpy of
of formation
formation

H2(g) + 1/2 O2(g) --> H2O(g)

Hof = -241.8 kJ/mol
By definition, Hof = 0
for elements in their
standard states.

43

Using Standard Enthalpy Values

44

Use H fs to calculate enthalpy change for:

H2O(g) + C(graphite) --> H2(g) + CO(g)
(product is called water gas)

Using Standard Enthalpy Values

45

H2O(g) + C(graphite) --> H2(g) + CO(g)

From reference books we find:
H2(g) + 1/2 O2(g) --> H2O(g)

H f of H2O vapor = - 241.8 kJ/mol

C(s) + 1/2 O2(g) --> CO(g)

H f of CO = - 110.5 kJ/mol

Using Standard Enthalpy Values

H2O(g) --> H2(g) + 1/2 O2(g) Ho = +241.8kJ
C(s) + 1/2 O2(g) --> CO(g) Ho = -110.5 kJ
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

H2O(g) + C(graphite) --> H2(g) + CO(g)

Honet = +131.3 kJ
To convert 1 mol of water to 1 mol each of
H2 and CO requires 131.3 kJ of energy.
The water gas reaction is ENDOthermic.

46

47

Using
Using Standard
Standard Enthalpy
Enthalpy Values
Values
Calculate H of reaction?
In general, when ALL enthalpies
of formation are known,
Horxn =
Hof (products) - Hof (reactants)

Using Standard Enthalpy Values

Calculate the heat of combustion of
methanol, i.e., Horxn for:
CH3OH(g) + 3/2 O2(g) --> CO2(g) + 2 H2O(g)

Horxn = Hof (prod) - Hof (react)

Use Appendix L

48

Using Standard Enthalpy Values

CH3OH(g) + 3/2 O2(g) --> CO2(g) + 2 H2O(g)
Horxn = Hof (prod) - Hof (react)
Horxn = {
{ Hof (CO2) + 2 Hof (H2O)}
- { 3/2 Hof (O2) + Hof (CH3OH) }
= {(-393.5 kJ) + 2 (-241.8 kJ)}
- { 0 + (-200.7 kJ) }
Horxn = - 676.4 kJ per mol of methanol

49

Using Standard Enthalpy Values

50

OF2(g) + H2O(g) --> O2(g) + 2 HF(g) Horxn =- 318.0kJ

Hof (H2O) = - 241.8 kJ and Hof (HF) = - 271.1 kJ

Calculate Hof (OF2)

Horxn = {Hof (O2) + 2 Hof (HF) }
- { Hof (OF2) + Hof (H2O) }
-318.0 kJ = {( 0 ) + 2 (-271.1 kJ) }
- {Hof (OF2) + (-241.8 kJ) }
Hof (OF2) = 17.6 kJ /mole

Measuring Heats of Reaction with a

BOMB CALORIMETRY

51

Coffee Cup
Calorimeter

52

Measuring
Measuring Heats
Heats of
of Reaction
Reaction
CALORIMETRY
CALORIMETRY
Calculate heat of combustion of octane.
C8H18 + 25/2 O2 --> 8 CO2 + 9 H2O
Burn 1.00 g of octane
Temp rises from 25.00 to 33.20 oC
Calorimeter contains 1300. g water
Heat capacity of bomb = 427 J/K

53

CALORIMETRY
CALORIMETRY

Step 1 Calc. heat transferred from reaction to

water.
q = (4.18 J/gK)(1300. g)(8.20 K) = 44,600 J
Step 2 Calc. heat transferred from reaction to
bomb.
q = (bomb heat capacity)( T)
= (427 J/K)(8.20 K) = 3500
350 J
Step 3 Total heat evolved =
44,600 J + 3500
350 J = 48,100 J
Heat of combustion of 1.00 g of octane =
48.1 kJ

54

Measuring
Measuring Heats
Heats of
of Reaction
Reaction
CALORIMETRY
CALORIMETRY
Calculate heat of combustion of ethanol.
C2H5OH + 3 O2 --> 2 CO2 + 3 H2O
Burn 0.888 g of ethanol
Temp rises from 25.00 oC to 35.00 oC
Calorimeter contains 210. g water
Heat capacity of bomb = 0.950 kJ/K

CALORIMETRY
CALORIMETRY

55

Step 1 Calc. heat transferred from reaction to

water.
q = (4.18 J/gK)(210. g)(10.00 K) = 8.80 kJ
Step 2 Calc. heat transferred from reaction to
bomb.
q = (bomb heat capacity)( T)
= (0.950 kJ/K)(10.00 K) = 9.50 kJ
Step 3 Total heat evolved =
8.80 kJ + 9.50 kJ = 18.30 kJ
(-18.30 kJ/0.888g)(46.0 g/mole) = - 948 kJ/mole

56

Sample Problem
A 0.105 g sample of C2H4 is burned in a
calorimeter with a heat capacity of
0.47 kJ/oC and containing 2,000. g of
water. The temperature increased from
25.00oC to 27.14oC. Calculate the heat
of combustion of C2H4 in kJ/mole.

CALORIMETRY
CALORIMETRY

57

Step 1 Calc. heat transferred from reaction to

water.
q = (4.18 J/gK)(2000. g)(2.14 K) = 17,900 J
Step 2 Calc. heat transferred from reaction to
bomb.
q = (bomb heat capacity)( T)
= (0.47 kJ/K)(2.14 K) = 1.0 kJ
Step 3 Total heat evolved =
17.9 kJ + 1.0 kJ = 18.9 kJ
(-18.9 kJ/0.105g)(28.0 g/mole) = - 5040 kJ/mole

58

Practice Problems
1. How many kcal is 75.0 kJ?
2. Convert 88.6 kcal/mole to kJ/mole.
3. Calculate the kinetic energy of a 2000. lb car
traveling at 50. miles per hour.
4. Is the kinetic energy of a 500. g object moving
at 50. km/hr greater, less than, or the same as
that of a 1.00 kg object moving at 25 km/hr?
5. How much heat is required to raise the
temperature of 204 grams of lead from 22.8oC
to 64.9oC? (C= 0.038 cal/gK)

59

Practice Problems
6. If the specific heat of silver is 0.0573 cal/gK,
how much heat would it take to raise the
temperature of 1 kg of silver from -50.oC to
150.oC?
7. To what temperature will one pound of nickel
be raised, beginning at 25.0oC, if 750 calories
are absorbed by it? (c = 0.106 cal/gK)
8. A 50. g chunk of unknown metal X is heated to
98.5oC and then dropped into 450 g of water
initially at 25.00oC. The water temperature is
observed to rise to 26.47oC. Calculate the
specific heat of X.

60

Practice Problems
9. 2 H2O (l) --> 2 H2 (g) + O2 (g) H = 273.2 kcal
How many mLs of water will be decomposed to
hydrogen and oxygen by 85 kcal?
10. CaCO3 (s) --> CaO (s) + CO2 (g) H = 42.5 kcal
How much heat is required to react 186 g CaCO3?
11. C6H12O6 (s) + 6 O2 (g) --> 6 H2O (g) + 6 CO2 (g)
H = -673 kcal. How much heat is evolved in the
oxidation of 240 g of C6H12O6?
12. MgCO3(s)+2 HCl(g)->MgCl2(s)+CO2(g) + H2O(g)
H = -5.6 kcal. How many grams of MgCl2 will be
produced if 80.0 kilocalories are released?

61

Practice Problems
13. 3 Cu2S(s) + 16 HNO3(l) --> 6 Cu(NO3)2(s) +
3 S(s) + 4 NO(g) + 8 H2O(l) H = -543 kcal/mole
How much energy will be released by the reaction
of 325 grams of Cu2S with HNO3.
14. 2 B5H9 (l) + 12 O2 (g) --> 9 H2O (l) + 5 B2O3 (s)
H = -4188 kcal/mole. How much B5H9 must be
burned to produce 4500 kcal of energy?
15. Upon dissolving 8.63 g of ammonium
dihydrogen phosphate in 100. mL of water, it was
found that T= - 2.7oC. Calculate the value of the
molar heat of reaction.

62

Practice Problems
16. A 0.25 mole sample of ammonium nitrate was
dissolved in 500. mL of water at 21.0oC. As the
solute dissolved the temperature of the solution
dropped to a minimum value of 18.0oC. Calculate
the heat of reaction in kcal/mole.
17. Given the following data:
H(kcal)
MnO2 + CO --> MnO + CO2
-36.0
Mn3O4 + CO --> 3 MnO + CO2

-13.0

3 Mn2O3 + CO --> 2 Mn3O4 + CO2 -34.0

Find H in kcal for the following reaction:
2 MnO2 + CO --> Mn2O3 + CO2

63

Practice Problems
18. Given the following two reactions:
H(kcal)
2 Na(s) + 2HCl(g) --> 2 NaCl(s) + H2(g)
H2(g) + Cl2(g) --> 2 HCl(g)

-152.34
-44.12

What is Hfo,in kcal/mole for NaCl(s)?

19. Calculate the Hfo of glycerol,
(CH2OH)2CHOH, knowing that its heat of
combustion is -397.0 kJ/mole.
20. Find the H for the reaction:
2 SO2(g) + 2 H2O(g) + O2(g) --> 2 H2SO4 (l)

64

Practice Problems
21. Determine the enthalpy of formation in
kcal/mole for chloroethane, C2H5Cl, from the
following data:
H(kcal)
H2 + 1/2 O2 --> H2O
-68.3
C + O2 --> CO2

-94.1

C2H5Cl --> C2H4 + HCl

17.2

2 CO2 + 2 H2O --> C2H4 + 3 O2

337.2

H2 + Cl2 --> 2 HCl

-44.2

65

Practice Problems
22. The combustion of 0.450 g of ethene (C2H4)
causes a temperature rise of 2.00oC in a bomb
calorimeter that has a specific heat capacity
of 600. cal/oC and containing 500. g of water.
What is the heat of combustion in kJ/mole for
ethene?

66

Practice Problems
23. A bomb calorimeter has a heat capacity of
385 J/oC and containing 200. g of water. A
temperature rise of 3.577oC is observed when
the calorimeter is used in the combustion of a
0.7600 g sample of powdered tantalum in excess
oxygen to product Ta2O5. Find Hfo of Ta2O5.
24. How many calories would be required to
change the temperature of 750 g of water from
15.0 oC to 90.0 oC?
25. How many joules of heat would be liberated if
the temperature of 300. g of iron were changed
from 75 oC to 17 oC?

67

Practice Problems
26. The heat of formation of water is
-68.4 kcal/mole. How many joules would
be liberated by burning 12 g of hydrogen?
27.

4 Fe + 3 O2 --> 2 Fe2O3 + 398 kcal

4 Al + 3 O2 --> 2 Al2O3 + 798 kcal

Calculate H for the reaction

Fe2O3 + 2 Al --> Al2O3 + 2 Fe

68

Practice Problems
28. A 0.757 g sample of C was placed in a
calorimeter with a specific heat capacity of 1550
cal/oC and containing 1,000. G of water and
burned. The temperature rose from 22.54 oC
to 24.87 oC. Calculate the heat of combustion in
kcal/mole?

69

Practice Problems Answers

1. 17.9 kcal
3. 2 x 105 J
5. 330 cal
7. 41oC
9. 11 mL
11. 9.0 x 102 kcal
13. 370. Kcal
15. 15,000 J/mole
17. -52.0 kJ

2. 370. kJ/mole
4. Greater
6. 10,000 cal
8. .8 J/gK
10. 79.0 kcal
12. 1400 g
14. 140 g
16. 6.0 kcal/mole
18. -98.23kcal/mole

70

Practice Problems Answers

19. -1750.8 kJ
21. -26.9 kJ
23. -2080 kJ/mole
25. 7800 J
27. -200 kcal

20. -550.682 kJ
22. -572 kJ/mole
24. 56000 cal
26. 1.7 x 106 J
28. -94.2 kcal/mole

Specific
Specific Heat
Heat Capacity
Capacity
How much heat is required to raise the
temperature of 57 g of water from 25.6oC to
66.5oC?

q = (57 g)(4.18 J/g K)(40.9oC)

q = 9700 J

71

72

Energy
Energy and
and Reactions
Reactions
Endothermic
C+D
H

H
A+B

Reaction-->
A + B + energy -->C + D

Exothermic
W+X
H H

Y+Z

Reaction-->
W + X -->Y + Z + energy

73

Energy
Energy and
and Reactions
Reactions
1. The reaction of 14 g of hydrogen
will produce how much energy?
3 H2 + N2 --> 2 NH3 + 92 kJ
14 g

? kJ

14 g H2 mole H2 92 kJ
= 210 kJ
2.0 g H2 3 mole H2

74

Energy
Energy and
and Reactions
Reactions
2. If 126 kJ are produced how many
grams of ammonia are produced?
3 H2 + N2 --> 2 NH3 + 92 kJ
?g

126 kJ

126 kJ 2 mole NH3 17.0 g NH3

92 kJ
mole NH3

= 47g
NH3

75

Hesss Law
N2 (g) + O2 (g) --> 2 NO (g)

H = 180.8 kJ

N2 (g) + 2 O2 (g) --> 2 NO2 (g) H = 67.7 kJ

Find H for the following equation:
2 NO (g) + O2 (g) --> 2 NO2 (g)
2 NO (g) --> N2 (g) + O2 (g) H = -180.8 kJ
1

N2 (g) + 2 O2 (g) --> 2 NO2 (g)

2 NO (g) + O2 (g) --> 2 NO2 (g)

H = 67.7 kJ

H = -113.1 kJ

76

Hesss Law
2 C2H4 + 2 H2 + 7 O2 --> 4 CO2 + 6 H2O H = -3394 kJ
H = -3120. kJ

2 C2H6 + 7 O2 --> 4 CO2 + 6 H2O

Find H for the following equation:
C2H4 + H2 --> C2H6

2 C2H4 + 2 H2 + 7 O2 --> 4 CO2 + 6 H2O H = -3394 kJ

H = +3120. kJ

4 CO2 + 6 H2O --> 2 C2H6 + 7 O2

1
2

1
3

7/2

2
1

C2H4 + H2 --> C2H6

3
7/2

-1697 kJ
+1560. kJ

H = -137 kJ

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Hesss Law
1/2 H2 + N2 + 5/2 O2 --> HNO3 + NO2 H = -101 kJ
2 NH + H2 --> N2H4
H = -567 kJ
2 N2O5 --> 2 N2 + 5 O2
H = 23 kJ
Find H for the following equation:
N2H4 + 2 N2O5 --> 2 HNO3 + 2 NO2 + 2 NH
1/2 H2 + N2 + 5/2 O2 --> HNO3 + NO2 H = -101 kJ
H = 567 kJ

N2H4 --> 2 NH + H2

H = 23 kJ

2 N2O5 --> 2 N2 + 5 O2

-202 kJ

N2H4 + 2 N2O5 --> 2 HNO3 + 2 NO2 + 2 NH

H = 388 kJ

Using Standard Enthalpy Values

Calculate the H for the following reaction:
Al2O3 (s) + 3 CO (g) --> 3 CO2 (g) + 2 Al (s)
Horxn = { 3 Hof (CO2) + 2 Hof (Al) }
- { Hof (Al2O3) + 3 Hof (CO) }
= { 3 (-393.5 kJ) + 2 ( 0 )}
- { -1675.7 kJ + 3 (-110.5 kJ) }
Horxn = 826.7 kJ

78

Using Standard Enthalpy Values

79

C2H4 + 3 O2 --> 2 CO2 + 2 H2O (g) H = -1323.0 kJ

2 C + 2 H2 --> C2H4

H = 52.3 kJ

H2 + 1/2 O2 --> H2O (g)

H = -241.8 kJ

Calculate Hf for CO2.

1/2

3/2 1

-661.5 kJ

C2H4 + 3 O2 --> 2 CO2 + 2 H2O (g) H = -1323.0 kJ

1

1/2

2 C + 2 H2 --> C2H4
H2O (g) --> H2 + 1/2 O2

Hf =

26.0 kJ

52 kJ

Hf = 241.8 kJ

C + O2 --> CO2
Hf = -393.7 kJ

Using Standard Enthalpy Values

C2H4 + 3 O2 --> 2 CO2 + 2 H2O (g) H = -1323.0 kJ
2 C + 2 H2 --> C2H4
H2 + 1/2 O2 --> H2O (g)
Calculate Hf for CO2.

H = 52.3 kJ

H = -241.8 kJ
f

Horxn = { 2 Hof (CO2) + 2 Hof (H2O) }

- {Hof (C2H4) + 3 Hof (O2) }
-1323.0 kJ = { 2 Hof (CO2) + 2 ( -241.8 kJ )}
- { 52.3 kJ + 3 ( 0 ) }
Hof (CO2) = -393.6 kJ

80