Substation Components

SUBSTATION
COMPONENTS
WHAT IS SUBSTATION?
Asubstationisapartofanelectricalgeneration,transmission,
anddistributionsystem.
Betweenthegeneratingstationandconsumer,electricpowermayflow
throughseveralsubstationsatdifferentvoltagelevels.
CLASSIFICATION
Transmissionsubstation
Distributionsubstation
Convertersubstations
Switchingsubstation
Classificationbyinsulation
Classificationbystructure
MAIN COMPONENTS
TRANSFORMER
CURRENT TRANSFORMER
CIRCUIT BREAKER
LIGHTING ARRESTER
BUS BAR
POTENTIAL
ISOLATOR
WAVE TRAP
INSULATOR
EARTH SWITCH
EARTHING SYSTEM
CONTROL PANEL
TRANSFORMER
Powertransformersareusedintransmissionnetworkofhighervoltagesforstepupandstepdownapplication(400kV,200kV,110kV,66kV,33kV)andare
generallyratedabove200MVA.
Distributiontransformersareusedforlowervoltagedistributionnetworksasa
meanstoenduserconnectivity.(11kV,6.6kV,3.3kV,440V,230V)andare
generallyratedlessthan200MVA.
BUS BARS
abusbarisathickstripofcopperoraluminiumthatconductselectricity.
Busbarsareusedtocarryverylargecurrents,ortodistributecurrentto
multipledeviceswithinswitchgearorequipment.
CIRCUIT BREAKER
Itdesignedtoprotectanelectrical
circuitfromdamagecausedby
overloadorshortcircuit.
Itsbasicfunctionistodetectafault
conditionanddiscontinuethe
electricflow
.
BULK OIL CB
AUXIAL BLAST
MINIMUM OIL
AIR BLAST
CROSS BLAST
SF 6
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
CIRCUIT BREAKER
7.
8.
Actuatorlever-usedtomanually
tripandresetthecircuitbreaker.
Actuatormechanism-forcesthe
contactstogetherorapart
Contacts-Allowcurrentwhen
touchingandbreakthecurrentwhen
movedapart
Terminals
Bimetallicstrip.
Calibrationscrew-allowsthe
manufacturertopreciselyadjustthe
tripcurrentofthedeviceafter
assembly.
Solenoid
Arcdivider/extinguisher
ISOLATOR
Itisadisconnection
switchandtobeoperated
onnoload.
Itisusedtomakesure
thatanelectricalcircuitcan
becompletelyde-energized
forserviceormaintenance.
Itprovideelectrical
isolationoftheequipment.
CURRENT TRANSFORMER
CTisatypeofinstrumenttransformer
thatisusedinpowersystemfor
measurement,detection,protectionofthe
system.
Currenttransformersareusedextensively
formeasuringcurrentandmonitoringthe
operationofthepowergrid.
POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER
Potentialtransformersareinstrument
transformers.Theyhavealargenumberof
primaryturnsandafewnumberof
secondaryturns.
Itconvertsvoltagesfromhightolow.It
willtakethethousandsofvoltsbehind
powertransmissionsystemsandstepthe
voltagedowntosomethingthatmeterscan
handle.
LIGHTING ARRESTER
Itdischargetheovervoltagesurgestoearth
andprotecttheequipmentinsulationfrom
switchingsurgesandlightningsurges.
Itlocatedatthestartingofthesubstationas
seenfromincomingtransmissionlinesandis
thefirstequipmentofthesubstation
INSULATOR
Aninsulator,alsocalledadielectric,
isamaterialthatresiststheflowof
electriccurrent.
Insulatorsareusedinelectrical
equipmenttosupportandseparate
electricalconductorswithoutallowing
currentthroughthemselves.
PIN TYPE
STRAIN TYPE
SUSPENSION TYPE
STRAIN TYPE
SHACKLE TYPE
WAVE TRAP
Ittrapthehighfrequencycommunication
signalssentonthelinefromtheremote
substationanddivertingthemtothetelecom/
teleprotectionpanelinthesubstationcontrol
room.
TheLinetrapoffershighimpedancetothe
highfrequencycommunicationsignalsthus
obstructstheflowofthesesignalsintothe
substationbusbars.
Thesignalsareprimarilyteleprotection
signalsandinaddition,voiceanddata
communicationsignals.
EARTH SWITCH
EarthSwitchisusedtodischargethevoltageonthecircuitto
theearthforsafety.
Earthswitchismountedontheframeoftheisolators.
EarthSwitchislocatedforeachincomertransmissionlineand
eachsideofthebus-barsection
EARTHING SYSTEM
Station Earthing System includes Earth Mat and Earth electrodes

placed below ground level
Function earthing system is to provide low resistance earthing for
Discharging currents from the surge arresters, overhead shielding,
earthing switches
For equipment body earthing
For safe touch potential and step potential in substation.
METERING, CONTROL AND

RELAY PANELS
TohousevariousmeasuringInstruments,controlInstruments,Protectiverelays.
Theyarelocatedinair-conditionedbuilding.ControlCablesarelaidbetween
Switchyardequipmentandthesepanels.
Bus bar arrangements

Some very commonly used bus bar arrangement are discussed
below
Single Bus System
Single Bus System is simplest and cheapest one. In this scheme all
the feeders and transformer bay are connected to only one single
bus as show.
Advantages of Single Bus System
1) This is very simple in design.
2) This is very cost effective scheme.
3) This is very convenient to operate.
Single Bus System
Disadvantages of Single Bus System

1) One but major difficulty of these type of
arrangement is that, maintenance of equipment
of any bay cannot be possible without
interrupting the feeder or transformer connected
to that bay.
2) The indoor 11KV switchboards have quite often
single bus bar arrangement.
Single Bus System with Bus

Sectionalizer
Some advantages are realized if a
single bus bar is sectionalized with
circuit breaker. If there are more than
one incoming and the incoming sources
and outgoing feeders are evenly
distributed on the sections as shown in
the figure, interruption of system can be
reduced to a good extent.
Single Bus System with Bus

Sectionalizer
Advantages
of
Single
Bus System with Bus
Sectionalizer
If any of the sources is out of system, still all
loads can be fed by switching on the
sectionalcircuit breakeror bus coupler breaker.
If one section of the bus bar system is under
maintenance, part load of the substation can be
fed by energizing the other section of bus bar.
Disadvantages of Single
Bus System with Bus
1) As Sectionalizer
in the case of single bus system,
maintenance of equipment of any bay cannot
be possible without interrupting the feeder or
transformer
connected
to
that
bay.
2) The use of isolator for bus sectionalizing
does not fulfill the purpose. The isolators
have to be operated off circuit and which is
not possible without total interruption of bus
bar. So investment for bus-coupler breaker
is required.
Double Bus System

1) In double bus bar system two identical bus bars
are used in such a way that any outgoing or
incoming feeder can be taken from any of the bus.
2)Actually every feeder is connected to both of the
buses in parallel through individual isolator as shown
in the figure.
By closing any of the isolators one can put the

feeder to associated bus. Both of the buses are
energized and total feeders are divided into two
groups, one group is fed from one bus and other
from other bus. But any feeder at any time can be
transferred from one bus to other. There is one bus
coupler breaker which should be kept close during
bus transfer operation. For transfer operation, one
should
first
close
the
bus
couplercircuit
breakerthen close the isolator associated with the
bus to where the feeder would be transferred and
then open the isolator associated with the bus from
where feeder is transferred. Lastly after this transfer
operation he or she should open the bus coupler
breaker.
Advantages of Double Bus System

Double Bus Bar Arrangement increases the
flexibility of system.
Disadvantages of Double Bus System
The arrangement does not permit
maintenance with out interruption.
breaker
Double Breaker Bus System

In double breaker bus bar system two identical bus bars are
used in such a way that any outgoing or incoming feeder can
be taken from any of the bus similar to double bus bar system.
Only difference is that here every feeder is connected to both
of the buses in parallel through individual breaker instead only
isolator as shown in the figure. By closing any of the breakers
and its associated isolators, one can put the feeder to
respective bus. Both of the buses are energized and total
feeders are divided into two groups, one group is fed from one
bus and other from other bus similar to previous case. But any
feeder at any time can be transferred from one bus to other.
There is no need of bus coupler as because the operation is
done by breakers instead of isolator. For transfer operation,
one should first close the isolators and then the breaker
associated with the bus to where the feeder would be
transferred and then he or she opens the breaker and then
isolators associated with the bus from where feeder is
One and A Half Breaker Bus System

This is an improvement on the double breaker scheme to effect
saving in the number ofcircuit breakers. For every two circuits
only one spare breaker is provided. The protection is however
complicated since it must associate the central breaker with the
feeder whose own breaker is taken out for maintenance. For the
reasons given under double breaker scheme and because of the
prohibitory costs of equipment even this scheme is not much
popular. As shown in the figure that it is a simple design, two
feeders are fed from two different buses through their
associated breakers and these two feeders are coupled by a
third breaker which is called tie breaker. Normally all the three
breakers are closed and power is fed to both the circuits from
two buses which are operated in parallel. The tie breaker acts as
coupler
for
the
two
feeder
circuits.
During failure of any feeder breaker, the power is fed through
the breaker of the second feeder and tie breaker, therefore each
feeder breaker has to be rated to feed both the feeders, coupled
by tie breaker.
Advantages of One and A Half Breaker Bus

System
During any fault on any one of the buses, that
faulty bus will be cleared instantly without
interrupting any feeders in the system since all
feeders will continue to feed from other healthy
bus.
Disadvantages of One and A Half Breaker
Bus System
This scheme is much expensive due to investment
for third breaker.
Main and Transfer Bus System
This is an alternative of double bus system. The main conception

of Main and Transfer Bus System is, here every feeder line is
directly connected through an isolator to a second bus called
transfer bus. The said isolator in between transfer bus and
feeder line is generally called bypass isolator. The main bus is as
usual connected to each feeder through a bay consists ofcircuit
breakerand associated isolators at both side of the breaker.
There is one bus coupler bay which couples transfer bus and
main bus through acircuit breakerand associated isolators at
both sides of the breaker. If necessary the transfer bus can be
energized by main bus power by closing the transfer bus coupler
isolators and then breaker. Then the power in transfer bus can
directly be fed to the feeder line by closing the bypass isolator. If
the maincircuit breakerassociated with feeder is switched off or
isolated from system, the feeder can still be fed in this way by
transferring it to transfer bus.
Switching Operation for Transferring a Feeder to Transfer Bus

from Main Bus without Interruption of Power
(i) First close the isolators at both side of the bus coupler breaker.
(ii) Then close the bypass isolator of the feeder which is to be transferred
to transfer bus.
(iii) Now energized the transfer bus by closing the bus couplercircuit
breakerfrom remote.
(iv) After bus coupler breaker is closed, now the power from main bus
flows to the feeder line through its main
breaker as well as bus coupler breaker via transfer bus.
(v) Now if main breaker of the feeder is switched off, total power flow will
instantaneously shift to the bus coupler breaker and hence this breaker
will serve the purpose of protection for the feeder.
(vi) At last the operating personnel open the isolators at both sides of the
maincircuit breakerto make it isolated from rest of the live system.
So it can be concluded that in Main & Transfer Bus System the
maintenance ofcircuit breakeris possible without any interruption of
power. Because of this advantage the scheme is very popular for 33KV
and 13KV system.
Double Bus System with Bypass

Isolators
This is combination of the double bus system and

main and transfer bus system. In Double Bus System
with Bypass Isolators either bus can act as main bus
and second bus as transfer bus. It permits breaker
maintenance without interruption of power which is
not possible in double bus system but it provides all
the advantages of double bus system. It however
requires one additional isolator (bypass isolator) for
each
feeder
circuit
and
introduces
slight
complication in system layout. Still this scheme is
best for optimum economy of system and it is best
optimum choice for 220KV system.
Ring Bus System

The schematic diagram of the system is given in the
figure. It provides a double feed to each feeder
circuit, opening one breaker under maintenance or
otherwise does not affect supply to any feeder. But
this system has two major disadvantages. One as it
is closed circuit system it is next to impossible to
extend in future and hence it is unsuitable for
developing system. Secondly, during maintenance
or any other reason if any one of thecircuit
breakerin ring loop is switch of reliability of system
becomes very poor as because closed loop becomes
opened. Since, at that moment for any tripping of
any breaker in the open loop causes interruption in
all the feeders between tripped breaker and open
end of the loop.

Substation Components

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SUBSTATION

Station Earthing System includes Earth Mat and Earth electrodes

METERING, CONTROL AND

Bus bar arrangements

Single Bus System

Disadvantages of Single Bus System

Single Bus System with Bus

Single Bus System with Bus

Double Bus System

By closing any of the isolators one can put the

Advantages of Double Bus System

Double Breaker Bus System

One and A Half Breaker Bus System

Advantages of One and A Half Breaker Bus

Main and Transfer Bus System

This is an alternative of double bus system. The main conception

Switching Operation for Transferring a Feeder to Transfer Bus

Double Bus System with Bypass

This is combination of the double bus system and

Ring Bus System

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