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    Why We Should Treat Water Before Use ?: From A Chemical Point of View, Water H O, Is A Pure Compound

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    AtikDwiOktaviani
    This document summarizes the key steps in water treatment processes. It explains that raw water from natural sources contains contaminants like dissolved minerals and organic matter. Water treatment aims to remove these to make water safe for end uses like drinking, irrigation, or industrial use. The major treatment steps are coagulation and flocculation to remove solid particles, sedimentation to allow particles to settle out, filtration to remove smaller particles, and disinfection to kill microbes. Chlorination, ozonation, and UV radiation are common disinfection methods. The document provides details on each step and treatment objectives to produce clean water suitable for its intended use.

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    Why We Should Treat Water Before Use ?: From A Chemical Point of View, Water H O, Is A Pure Compound

    Uploaded by

    AtikDwiOktaviani
    76 views35 pages
    This document summarizes the key steps in water treatment processes. It explains that raw water from natural sources contains contaminants like dissolved minerals and organic matter. Water treatment aims to remove these to make water safe for end uses like drinking, irrigation, or industrial use. The major treatment steps are coagulation and flocculation to remove solid particles, sedimentation to allow particles to settle out, filtration to remove smaller particles, and disinfection to kill microbes. Chlorination, ozonation, and UV radiation are common disinfection methods. The document provides details on each step and treatment objectives to produce clean water suitable for its intended use.

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    3rd Water Treatment

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    This document summarizes the key steps in water treatment processes. It explains that raw water from natural sources contains contaminants like dissolved minerals and organic matter. Water treatment aims to remove these to make water safe for end uses like drinking, irrigation, or industrial use. The major treatment steps are coagulation and flocculation to remove solid particles, sedimentation to allow particles to settle out, filtration to remove smaller particles, and disinfection to kill microbes. Chlorination, ozonation, and UV radiation are common disinfection methods. The document provides details on each step and treatment objectives to produce clean water suitable for its intended use.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    76 views35 pages

    Why We Should Treat Water Before Use ?: From A Chemical Point of View, Water H O, Is A Pure Compound

    Uploaded by

    AtikDwiOktaviani
    This document summarizes the key steps in water treatment processes. It explains that raw water from natural sources contains contaminants like dissolved minerals and organic matter. Water treatment aims to remove these to make water safe for end uses like drinking, irrigation, or industrial use. The major treatment steps are coagulation and flocculation to remove solid particles, sedimentation to allow particles to settle out, filtration to remove smaller particles, and disinfection to kill microbes. Chlorination, ozonation, and UV radiation are common disinfection methods. The document provides details on each step and treatment objectives to produce clean water suitable for its intended use.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 35

    Why we should treat

    water before use ?


    From a chemical point of view, water H2O,
    is a pure compound,
    but in reality,
    Water from various natural sources
    contains dissolved gases, minerals,
    organic and inorganic substances

    The end use may be:


    o suplay water/clean water
    o drinking,
    o fish pond
    o irrigation,
    o water recreation,
    o industrial water supply,
    o or many other uses including
    being safely returned to the
    environment.

    Water Treatment are needed !!

    What is Water treatment ?


    is any process that makeswatermore
    acceptable
    for a specific end-use
    Treatment fordrinking
    water
    production involves the
    removal of contaminants
    from raw water to
    produce water that
    ispure enough for
    human consumption
    without any short term
    or long term risk of any
    adverse health effect.

    Wastewater treatment
    is the process that
    removes the majority
    of the
    contaminants from
    wastewater
    orsewageand
    produces effluent
    suitable for disposal
    to thenatural
    environment.

    Water Treatment Stages


    Depending on the type of treatment plant
    and the quality of raw water, treatment
    generally proceeds in the following
    sequence
    5. Sedimentation
    1. Screeningof stages:
    6. Pre-chlorination and
    2. Aeration
    dechlorination
    3. pH correction
    7. Filtration
    4. Coagulation and8. Disinfection
    flocculation
    9. pH adjustment

    As required, adsorption or other advanced


    process will be added, depending on the
    chemistry of the treated water.

    TYPES OF WASTEWATER
    Domestic Wastewater (from homes,
    offices, hotels, institutions) comprises
    sewage (human waste) and grey-water
    from bathrooms, kitchens, laundries).
    Point and Non point sources Wastewater
    is the liquid discharge from
    manufacturing processes
    (croplands/agriculture, animal feedlots,
    food industry, sugar processing, metal
    processing, leather processing, oil
    industry, etc

    Water Treatment principle


    Chlorination

    Raw Water
    Storage

    Coagulant, pH Adjustment

    Mixing

    Flocculation

    Disinfectant (Cl2, NaOCl)

    Sedimentation

    Filtration
    Clear Well

    Distribution

    COAGULATION

    STORAGE
    SEDIMENTATION
    FILTRATION

    DISINFECTION

    Water Treatment
    Water treatment transforms raw surface and
    groundwater into safe drinking water.
    Water treatment involves two major processes:
    physical removal of solids and chemical disinfection.
    COAGULATION:

    Coagulation removes dirt and other particles suspended in water.


    alum and other chemicals are added to water to form tiny sticky
    particles called floc which attract the dirt particles. The combined
    weight of the dirt and the alums (floc) becomes heavy enough to sink
    to the bottom during sedimentation.

    WATER
    TOWARDS
    SEDIMENTATION

    Coagulation

    Rachel Casiday, Greg Noelken, and Regina Frey, Washington University (


    http://wunmr.wustl.edu/EduDev/LabTutorials/Water/PublicWaterSupply/PublicWater
    isis.csuhayward.edu/alss/Geography/
    mlee/geog4350/4
    Supply.html

    Chemical CoagulationRemoves suspended


    particulate and colloidal substances
    Flocculation

    from water, including microorganisms.


    Coagulation: colloidal destabilization
    Typically, add alum (aluminum sulfate) or ferric chloride
    or sulfate to the water with rapid mixing and controlled
    pH conditions
    Insoluble aluminum or ferric hydroxide and aluminum
    or iron hydroxo complexes form
    These complexes entrap and adsorb suspended
    particulate and colloidal material.

    Water Treatment
    SEDIMENTATION:

    Coagulated particles fall, by gravity, through water in


    a settling tank and accumulate at the bottom of the
    tank, clearing the water of much of the solid debris
    and clear water moves to filtration.
    WATER
    TOWARDS
    FILTRATION

    WATER
    FROM
    COAGULATION

    Water Treatment
    FILTRATION, DISINFECTION & STORAGE:

    WATER
    FROM
    SEDIMENTATION

    DISINFECTION: A small amount of chlorine


    is added or some other disinfection
    method is used to kill microorganisms
    that may be in the water.

    STORAGE: Water is placed in


    a closed tank or reservoir
    for disinfection to take pace.
    The water then flows through
    pipes to home and business in
    the community

    FILTRATION: The water passes through filters,


    some made of layers of sand, and charcoal that help remove smaller particles.

    Water Disinfection
    Purpose of disinfection:
    To make Drinking water free of any disease causing
    bacteria and microbes.

    Methods of disinfection:
    There are 3 mainly used disinfection methods at
    large scale.
    CHLORINATION
    OZONATION
    ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION

    CHLORINATION
    Chlorine is the most common cost-effective means
    of disinfecting water .
    The addition of a small amount of chlorine is highly
    effective against most bacteria, viruses, and
    protozoa.
    Chlorine is applied to water in one of three forms:
    elemental chlorine (chlorine gas), hypochlorite
    solution (bleach), or dry calcium hypochlorite.
    All three forms produce free chlorine in water

    Purification of Drinking
    Water

    Chlorine Dilemma

    Chlorine kills disease causing organisms


    Chlorine by products are linked to
    numerous cancers, birth defects, etc.

    Fluoridation
    Prevents tooth decay
    Linked to cancer, kidney disease

    Courses prepared by Eko Sugiharto

    OZONATION
    OZONE is Strongest oxidant/disinfectant available.
    More effective against microbes than chlorination.
    But, costly and difficult to monitor and control under
    different condition.

    Ozonation process:
    Ozone (O3) is generated on-site
    at water treatment facilities by passing dry oxygen
    or air through a system of high voltage electrodes.

    ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION
    When UV radiation penetrates the
    cell wall of an organism, it
    damages genetic material, and
    prevents the cell from reproducing.
    Now a days emerging technology
    made UV radiation to find a place
    in both household and large scale
    drinking water disinfection.

    How is UV light generated?


    Ultraviolet light is most typically generated
    from a low pressure or a medium pressure lamp
    generating UV light.

    Effects of Primary and Secondary Treatment


    Levels

    Advanced (Tertiary) Treatment


    Lecture Question
    What are the methods used in advanced (tertiary)
    sewage treatment? How do they help safeguard water
    quality?
    Advanced treatment consists largely of chemical
    treatment methods designed to do a number of things:
    Remove nutrient pollution
    Phosphate removed by treatment with lime, Ca(OH)2
    Ammonia removed by basification followed by sparging
    (accelerated outgassing)

    Further reduce BOD


    Coprecipitation, activated charcoal, further decomposition

    Remove toxic organics


    Activated charcoal filter

    Remove toxic metals


    Ion exchange resin filter

    Effect of Tertiary Treatment Level

    Disinfection
    Lecture Question
    What are the main methods of disinfection used in sewage
    treatment?

    Chlorination
    Applied either as chlorine gas or as a hypochlorite (OCl -)
    salt
    pH control is important

    Advantages
    Cheap
    Residual disinfection

    Disadvantages
    Many disinfection byproducts (DBPs): THMs, HAAs,
    chloramines

    Alternatives
    Ozonation
    UV light

    DBPs Produced by Chlorination

    Municipal Sewage Treatment


    Primary treatment
    Removing suspended and floating particles by
    mechanical processes

    Secondary treatment
    Treating wastewater biologically to decompose
    suspended organic material; reduces BOD

    Sewage Treatment
    Secondary

    Primary
    Bar screen Grit chamber

    Settling tank

    Sludge
    Raw sewage
    from sewers

    Aeration tank

    Settling tank

    Chlorine
    disinfection tank

    Activated sludge

    (kills
    bacteria)

    To river,
    lake,
    or ocean

    Air pump
    Sludge
    digester

    Sludge drying bed

    Disposed of
    in landfill or
    ocean or
    applied to
    cropland,
    pasture, or
    rangeland

    Sewage Sludge (Biosolids)


    Lecture Question
    What is sewage sludge (biosolids) and what is done
    with it?
    Wastewater treatment generates large quantities of solid
    waste
    Collectively this is called sludge or, more euphemistically,
    biosolids
    Contains all solid material removed from the waste stream,
    including
    Human waste, microorganisms, and toxic chemicals

    Volume dwarfs that of municipal solid waste (ie, trash)

    Sludge is very watery


    Looks essentially like muddy water in original form
    Only 1-10% solid

    Usually dewatered at the treatment plant


    Texture of a wet sponge
    11-40% solid at this point

    Disposal of Sewage Sludge


    Eventual Fate?
    Land application/recycling (40-50%)
    67% of that used as fertilizer on crops
    Must be treated to remove pathogens
    Continued uncertainty over health effects due to pathogens
    and pollutants in the sludge

    12% of that to public


    Given or sold

    9% of that applied to damaged lands


    Usually to revitalize closed mines

    3% of that sprayed onto forests


    Slope cannot exceed 10-20%

    Sanitary landfill (50%)


    Direct
    Incineration
    Resulting ash is landfilled

    Mainline Water Treatment Processes


    Disinfection
    Physical: UV radiation, heat, membrane filters
    Chemical: Chlorine, ozone, chlorine dioxide, iodine, other
    antimicrobial chemicals

    Filtration
    Rapid granular media
    Slow sand and other biological filters
    Membrane filters: micro-, ultra-, nano- and reverse osmosis

    Other physical-chemical removal processes


    Chemical coagulation, precipitation and complexation
    Adsorption: e.g., activated carbon, bone char, etc,
    Ion exchange: synthetic ion exchange resins, zeolites, etc.

    Disinfection of Microbes in Water


    Historically, the essential barrier to prevention and control of waterborne
    microbial transmission and waterborne disease.
    Free chlorine: HOCl (hypochlorous) acid and OCl- (hypochlorite ion)
    HOCl at lower pH and OCl- at higher pH; HOCl a more potent germicide than OCl strong oxidant and relatively stable in water (provides a disinfectant residual)

    Chloramines: mostly NH3Cl: weak oxidant; provides a stable residual


    ozone, O3 , strong oxidant; provides no residual (too volatile and
    reactive)
    Chlorine dioxide, ClO2,, string oxidant but not very stable residual
    Concerns due to health risks of chemical disinfectants and their
    byproducts (DBPs), especially free chlorine and its DBPs
    UV radiation
    low pressure mercury lamp: low intensity; monochromatic at 254 nm
    medium pressure mercury lamp: higher intensity; polychromatic 220-280 nm)
    reacts primarily with nucleic acids: pyrimidine dimers and other alterations

    Sewage Treatment Systems


    Sewage treatment in rural and suburban areas
    Septic tanks
    Primary (physical) sewage treatment
    Secondary (biological) sewage treatment
    Urban sewage treatment (Clean Water Act)
    Sewage treatment facilities in many cities fail to meet
    federal standards
    Bleaching and disinfection
    Disinfectants: chlorine, ozone, and ultraviolet radiation

    Improving Sewage
    Treatment
    Systems that exclude hazardous
    wastes
    Non-hazardous substitutes
    Composting toilet systems
    Working with nature to treat
    sewage

    Preventing Nonpoint Source


    Mostly agricultural wastes
    Pollution

    Use vegetation to reduce soil erosion

    Reduce fertilizer use

    Use plant buffer zones around fields

    Integrated pest management: Only use pesticides when


    necessary

    Use plant buffers around animal feedlots

    Keep feedlots away from slopes, surface water and flood


    zones

    Final Touches
    Disinfection - water completely free of
    suspended sediment is treated with a
    powerful oxidizing agent usually chlorine,
    chlorine then ammonia (chloramine), or
    ozone.
    A residual disinfectant is left in the water to
    prevent reinfection.
    Chlorine can form harmful byproducts and has
    suspected links to stomach cancer and
    miscarriages.
    Many agencies now residually disinfect with
    Chloramine.

    pH adjustment - so that treated water


    leaves the plant in the desired range of 6.5

    isis.csuhayward.edu/alss/Geography/ mlee/geog4350/

    Additional Steps
    Heavy metal removal: most
    treatment plants do not have special
    stages for metals but rely on
    oxygenation, coagulation and ion
    exchange in filters to remove them. If
    metals persist, additional treatment
    would be needed
    Troublesome organics: Activated
    carbon filters are required where
    soluble organic constituents are
    present because many will pass
    straight through standard plants, e.g.
    pesticides, phenols, MTBE and so

    isis.csuhayward.edu/alss/Geography/ mlee/geog4350/4

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