Ob 2

INDIVIDUAL
BEHAVIOUR
PERSONAL FACTORS:
THE INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOUR
BIOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTICS
THAT INFLUENCE
ABILITY
refers to capacity or capability of an individual to

perform the various tasks in a job.
Criterion used to determine what a person can do.
Ability.Intellectual ability, Physical ability
Person born with biographical characteristics
Difficult to change or modify
Managers focus on learned characteristics
INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
FRAMEWORK
Heredity Genes
Environment
Individual
Characteristics,
,Culture
Race/Ethnicity
,Education
Abilities,Skills,Personality
Gender
Parental Influence Physical
traits, Values
Environment
Work-related Behavior
BEHAVIORAL RANGE
Comfort Zone
Zone of
Discomfort
Values
Zone of
Discomfort
LEARNED CHARACTERISTICS
Personality
Perception
Attitude
Values
PERSONALITY..SET OF PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS

THAT MAKE EACH PERSON UNIQUE
Role which the person displays to the public.

Is a dynamic concept describing the growth &
development of a persons whole
psychological system.
Personality means how a person affects
others & how he understands & views himself
as well as the pattern of inner & outer
measurable traits and the person-situation
interaction.
DETERMINANTS OF
PERSONALITY
Heredity
Environmental
Employment level, wages,

technological development , political, legal.
Culture
Family
Social
Situational
Organizational Physical facilities, organization
structure & design , leadership , reward system
PERSONALITY TRAITS
Affect work related behaviors.First develop

self-awareness then understand what their
employees wants and needs may be.
Myer-Briggs Type Inventory[MBTI]
Big Five Personality Traits
MYERS-BRIGGS TYPE INVENTORY USED

TO ASSESS INDIVIDUALS JUNGIAN PERSONALITY TYPES
Information may be acquired through our senses or

through our intuition
It may be processed through rational processes or
through feelings.
Jungs framework also includes our orientation to the
external world(extroverts) & those oriented towards
internal world(introverts).
Modes of decision making one relying on perception
other judgment.
Sensing focus on specific data & what is
immediately present
Intuitionmore likely to focus on the future, to see
the potential in a situation.
MYERS-BRIGGS TYPE INVENTORY

Unconventional
Playful
Excitable
Impulsive
Optimistic
Artisans(SP)-Tend to be
Sensual
Daring
Adaptable
SP=Sensation,Perceiver; SJ=Sensation,judging;
NT=intuitive,thinker; NF=intuitive,feeler
BIG FIVE PERSONALITY TRAITS
Researchers have condensed countless

personality traits into a list of 5 major
personality dimensions known as the Big
Five.
THE BIG 5 MODEL OF

PERSONALITY
Conscientiousness
degree to which individuals are hardworking,
controlled, organised, dependable ,responsible ,
forward-looking , persistent
High and Low
Extraversion /introversion
degree to which individuals are outgoing,
talkative , ambitious , assertive, active and
sociable
High and Low
Agreeableness
degree to which individuals are
courteous,likable,goodnatured,flexible,cooperative and warm
High and Low
THE BIG 5 MODEL OF

PERSONALITY
Neuroticism (Emotional Stability)
degree to which individuals are insecure,
anxious, depressed and emotional , angry
High and Low
Openness to Experience
degree to which individuals are open to new
ideas, imaginative , broad-minded , seeks new
experiences , change loving, curious and
involved
High and Low
ORGANIZATIONALLY RELEVANT
PERSONALITY TRAITS
Machiavellianism
A
pragmatic, emotionally distant power-player

who believes that ends justify the means
High Machs are manipulative, win more often,
and persuade more than they are persuaded.
Narcissism
An
arrogant, entitled, self-important person

who needs excessive admiration
Core Self-Evaluation
The
degree to which people like or dislike

themselves
Positive self-evaluation leads to higher job
performance
PERSONALITY TRAITS
Self-Monitoring
The
ability to adjust behavior to meet external,

situational factors.
High monitors conform more and are more likely
to become leaders.
Risk Taking
The
willingness to take chances.

May be best to align propensities with job
requirements.
Risk takers make faster decisions with less
information.
4-16
PERSONALITY TRAITS
Type A personality
Try
to be fast
Pace at which things generally happens upsets
them
Involve in more than one thing at a time
Unable to cope with leisure time
Measure success in quantitative terms
PERSONALITY TRAITS
Type B Personality
Do
not experience a sense of urgency

Do not discuss achievements unless the situation
demands
Try to make the best use of their leisure time
PERSONALITY TRAITS
Proactive Personality
Identifies
opportunities, shows initiative, takes

action, and perseveres to completion
Creates positive change in the environment
TRAITS /FACTORS INFLUENCING

PERSONALITY/OB
Authoritarianism
Bureaucratic Personality
Machiavellianism
Introversion & Extroversion
Problem solving Style
Achievement orientation
Locus of control
Internal locus of control
External locus of control
Self esteem
Self monitoring
Risk Taking
Type A & Type B personality
PERSONALITY THEORIES
Freudian Stages or Psycho-Analytical Theory

Carl Jungs Psycho Analytical Concept
Chris Argyriss Immaturity-maturity Theory
Traits theory
Self theory
FREUDIAN STAGES OR PSYCHO-ANALYTICAL

THEORY
Sigmund Freuds Psychoanalytical theory of

personality has been based primarily on his
concept of unconscious nature of personality.
Man is motivated more by unseen forces than
by conscious & rational thoughts.
Unconscious framework motivates human
being
The framework includes 3 conflicting
psychoanalytic concepts..The Id, The Ego
and The Super Ego

THEORY
The ID

THEORY
All 3 elements interrelated & should be

balanced
If Super Ego overdeveloped..man will
become impractical & irrational
Underdeveloped Super Ego let the Id urges
loosemake man highly immoral
This approach has made some impact on OB
Some behaviour of employees which is
unconscious in nature can be brought out
with the help of psychoanalytical analysis.
FREUDIAN STAGES OR PSYCHOANALYTICAL THEORY
Such behaviour may include

daydreaming,alchohlism,absenteeism,forgetf
ulness etc
CARL JUNGS PSYCHOANALYTICAL CONCEPT
Jung proposed that there is a collective

unconsciousness that exists in a personality
which is deeper & includes the cumulative
experiences of all past generations.
Some personality traits cannot be explained
rationally.
ERIKSON STAGES
Infancy/Trust Vs mistrust
CHRIS ARGYRISS IMMATURITYMATURITY THEORY
A human personality rather than going

through precise stages, progresses along a
continuum from immaturity as an infant to
maturity as an adult.
CHRIS ARGYRISS IMMATURITYMATURITY THEORY

IMMATURITY CHARACTERISTICS
TRAITS THEORY
An individual may be described in terms of a

constellation of traits such as
affiliation,achievement,anxiety,aggression &
dependency.
Quantitaive & refers to measurement of
psychological characteristics called traits.
Trait is any distinguishing relatively enduring
way in which one individual differs from
another.
FUNDAMENTAL QUESTIONS
RAISED BY TRAITS THEORY
What are traits which comprise human

personality?
How are these traits to be measured to
ascertain the personality composition & in
turn the behavior pattern of that individual
in an organization?
TRAITS THEORY
D.W.Fiske conducted empirical study of 128
men.
20 individual traits were used to get their
ratings.
Factor analysis of such ratings provided 5 basic
traits:
Social adaptability
Emotional control
Conformity
Inquiring Intellect
Confident Self expression
GORDON ALLPORT TRAIT

THEORY
Gordon Allport
Common
Traits traits which are common among

people of same group
Individual traits
Cardinal Traits a strong part of personality that one

may become identified with. Very dominant in the
personality.
Central Traits not as dominant as cardinal. Eg: He is
also intelligent and honest.
Secondary traits preferences and choices of
individuals.
CATTELL TRAIT THEORY

MAIN
OPPOSITE
Reserved
Outgoing
Less intelligent
More intelligent
Affected by feelings
Emotionally stable
Submissive
Dominant
Serious
Happy go lucky
Expedient
Conscientious
Timid
Venturesome
Tough minded
Sensitive
Practical
Imaginative
Fort right
Shrewd
Self assured
Apprehensive
Conservative
Experimenting
Group dependent
Self sufficient
Uncontrolled
Controlled
Relaxed
Tensed
Trusting
Suspicious
SELF THEORY
Stop thinking about other peoples behavior ,

become conscious of your own feelings ,
attitudes or responsibility of our actions in
relation to oneself & others.
Self Theory.
Clifford T. MorganSelf or self concept is an
organised conceptual gestalt composed of
perceptions of I or Me.
Self as object
Self as process
FACTORS OF SELF CONCEPT
Self Image
Ideal Self
Looking Glass Self
Real Self

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INDIVIDUAL

refers to capacity or capability of an individual to

PERSONALITY..SET OF PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS

Role which the person displays to the public.

Employment level, wages,

Affect work related behaviors.First develop

MYERS-BRIGGS TYPE INVENTORY USED

Information may be acquired through our senses or

MYERS-BRIGGS TYPE INVENTORY

BIG FIVE PERSONALITY TRAITS

Researchers have condensed countless

THE BIG 5 MODEL OF

THE BIG 5 MODEL OF

pragmatic, emotionally distant power-player

arrogant, entitled, self-important person

degree to which people like or dislike

ability to adjust behavior to meet external,

willingness to take chances.

not experience a sense of urgency

opportunities, shows initiative, takes

TRAITS /FACTORS INFLUENCING

Freudian Stages or Psycho-Analytical Theory

FREUDIAN STAGES OR PSYCHO-ANALYTICAL

Sigmund Freuds Psychoanalytical theory of

FREUDIAN STAGES OR PSYCHO-ANALYTICAL

FREUDIAN STAGES OR PSYCHO-ANALYTICAL

All 3 elements interrelated & should be

FREUDIAN STAGES OR PSYCHOANALYTICAL THEORY

Such behaviour may include

CARL JUNGS PSYCHOANALYTICAL CONCEPT

Jung proposed that there is a collective

CHRIS ARGYRISS IMMATURITYMATURITY THEORY

A human personality rather than going

CHRIS ARGYRISS IMMATURITYMATURITY THEORY

An individual may be described in terms of a

What are traits which comprise human

GORDON ALLPORT TRAIT

Traits traits which are common among

Cardinal Traits a strong part of personality that one

CATTELL TRAIT THEORY

Stop thinking about other peoples behavior ,

FACTORS OF SELF CONCEPT

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