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    Ch-5 Hardware in CAD

    Uploaded by

    Haider Ali
    The document discusses the hardware components of a stand-alone CAD system. It describes the typical configuration which includes design workstations with graphics terminals and input devices, a central processing unit, and output devices connected to secondary storage. It then provides details on the graphics terminal, describing the two main techniques of stroke writing and raster scan, as well as factors that affect the terminal's performance. Common input devices like cursor control devices and digitizers are also outlined.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Ch-5 Hardware in CAD

    Uploaded by

    Haider Ali
    580 views44 pages
    The document discusses the hardware components of a stand-alone CAD system. It describes the typical configuration which includes design workstations with graphics terminals and input devices, a central processing unit, and output devices connected to secondary storage. It then provides details on the graphics terminal, describing the two main techniques of stroke writing and raster scan, as well as factors that affect the terminal's performance. Common input devices like cursor control devices and digitizers are also outlined.

    Original Description:

    Chapter # 5 of CAD/CAM by M.P Groover Hardware in CAD/CAM

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    The document discusses the hardware components of a stand-alone CAD system. It describes the typical configuration which includes design workstations with graphics terminals and input devices, a central processing unit, and output devices connected to secondary storage. It then provides details on the graphics terminal, describing the two main techniques of stroke writing and raster scan, as well as factors that affect the terminal's performance. Common input devices like cursor control devices and digitizers are also outlined.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    580 views44 pages

    Ch-5 Hardware in CAD

    Uploaded by

    Haider Ali
    The document discusses the hardware components of a stand-alone CAD system. It describes the typical configuration which includes design workstations with graphics terminals and input devices, a central processing unit, and output devices connected to secondary storage. It then provides details on the graphics terminal, describing the two main techniques of stroke writing and raster scan, as well as factors that affect the terminal's performance. Common input devices like cursor control devices and digitizers are also outlined.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 44

    Hardware in Computer Aided Design

    Haider Ali

    Layout

    Configuration of Stand-alone CAD System


    Design Workstation
    Graphics Terminals
    Input Devices
    Central Processing Unit (CPU)
    Output Devices
    Secondary Storage

    Department of Mechanical
    Engineering, WEC

    9/30/16

    Configuration of Stand-alone CAD System

    Design Workstations (One or more)

    A graphics terminal
    Operator input devices

    Output Devices (One or more)


    Central Processing Unit (CPU)
    Secondary Storage
    Secondary Storage
    CPU

    Graphics Terminal

    Input Devices

    Output
    Devices
    3

    Department of Mechanical
    Engineering, WEC

    9/30/16

    Design Workstations

    It must accomplish following five functions


    1.
    2.
    3.
    4.
    5.

    Typical Interactive Graphics workstation has


    .
    .

    Interface with the central processing unit


    Generate a steady graphic image for the user
    Provide digital descriptions of the graphic image
    Translate computer commands into operating
    functions
    Facilitate communication between the user and
    the system
    A graphics terminal
    Operator input devices
    Department of Mechanical
    Engineering, WEC

    9/30/16

    The Graphics Terminal

    Image Generation in Computer Graphics

    Graphics Terminals for Computer Aided Design

    Color and Animation in Computer Graphics

    Department of Mechanical
    Engineering, WEC

    9/30/16

    The Graphics Terminal

    Image generation in computer graphics


    CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) as graphics terminal
    Two Basic techniques

    Stroke Writing or line drawing, random position,


    vector writing
    Raster Scan or digital TV, Scan graphics

    Department of Mechanical
    Engineering, WEC

    9/30/16

    The Graphics Terminal

    Image generation in computer graphics


    CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) as graphics terminal
    Two Basic techniques

    Stroke Writing

    Electron beam acts as a pencil


    Creates lines segments by moving the beam from one
    point to other
    Picture is composed of lines only
    Smooth curves can be approximated by using short line
    segments

    Department of Mechanical
    Engineering, WEC

    9/30/16

    The Graphics Terminal

    Image generation in computer graphics


    Two Basic techniques

    Stroke Writing or line drawing, random position,


    vector writing
    Raster Scan or digital TV, Scan graphics

    Phosphor discrete picture elements (pixels); usually


    square elements
    Ranges from 256x256 = 65,000 to 1024x1024 =
    1,000,000 points
    Beam sweep the screen in lines from one end to other
    Jumps to next start up line after sweeping in first line
    Sweeps entire screen at rate of 30 fps to 60 fps

    Department of Mechanical
    Engineering, WEC

    9/30/16

    The Graphics Terminal

    Image generation in computer graphics


    Factors affecting the graphics terminal
    performance and effectiveness

    Type of Phosphor Coating on the screen


    Color requirement
    Pixel Density
    Amount of Computer memory required to
    generate the picture

    Department of Mechanical
    Engineering, WEC

    9/30/16

    The Graphics Terminal

    Graphics Terminals for Computer Aided


    Design

    10

    Directed Beam Refresh


    Direct view storage tube (DVST)
    Raster scan (digital TV)

    Department of Mechanical
    Engineering, WEC

    9/30/16

    The Graphics Terminal

    Graphics Terminals for Computer Aided


    Design

    Directed Beam Refresh

    11

    Stroke writing approach to generate the image


    Phosphor coating has short time capacity for holding
    the brightness
    Refresh: Image is retraced continuously by applying the
    beam to the screen
    Useful for playing animations
    Oldest of all methods

    Direct view storage tube (DVST)


    Raster scan (digital TV)
    Department of Mechanical
    Engineering, WEC

    9/30/16

    The Graphics Terminal

    Graphics Terminals for Computer Aided


    Design

    Directed Beam Refresh


    Direct view storage tube (DVST)

    12

    Stroke writing approach to generate the image


    Increase the ability of the screen to retain the image
    Using electron flood gun to light the pixels
    Resulting image is flicker free
    Lowest cost/Being used in many applications
    Cannot remove individual lines
    Total picture will be changed whenever required

    Raster scan (digital TV)


    Department of Mechanical
    Engineering, WEC

    9/30/16

    The Graphics Terminal

    Graphics Terminals for Computer Aided


    Design

    Directed Beam Refresh


    Direct view storage tube (DVST)
    Raster scan (digital TV)

    Digital Signals are used to generate the picture on the


    CRT screen
    Intensity of input beam is either ON or OFF / Illuminated
    or Dark
    Quality can be increased by

    13

    Increasing the pixel density from 256x256 to 1024x1024


    Adding color of grayscale: 5 to 6 bits are required for
    grayscale
    For color picture: 3 times more bits for storage are required
    Department of Mechanical
    Engineering, WEC

    9/30/16

    The Graphics Terminal


    Graphics Terminals for Computer Aided Design
    Comparison
    Sr.
    Directed
    No
    Beam
    DVST
    Raster Scan
    .
    Refresh
    1

    Image
    Generation

    Stroke
    Writing

    Stroke
    Writing

    Raster Scan

    Picture Quality

    Excellent

    Excellent

    Moderate to
    good

    Data Content

    Limited

    High

    High

    Selective Erase

    Yes

    No

    Yes

    Gray Scale

    Yes

    No

    Yes

    Color Capability

    Moderate

    No

    Yes

    Animation
    Capability

    Yes

    No

    Moderate

    14

    Department of Mechanical
    Engineering, WEC

    9/30/16

    The Graphics Terminal

    Color and Animation in Computer


    Graphics

    Different colors for different components


    Color CRT uses three electron beams

    15

    Red, Blue, Green

    Focuses three beams on a point to get


    required color
    Difficult in Stroke-writing tube: difficult to
    focus
    More color advancements in Raster Scan
    Approach
    Pixels are made colored by beam of light
    A pixel require 24 bits of memory for colorful
    of Mechanical 9/30/16
    representation Department
    Engineering, WEC

    LCD vs. LED

    LCD

    16

    Department of Mechanical
    Engineering, WEC

    9/30/16

    LCD

    17

    Department of Mechanical
    Engineering, WEC

    9/30/16

    LED

    18

    Department of Mechanical
    Engineering, WEC

    9/30/16

    The Graphics Terminal

    19

    Department of Mechanical
    Engineering, WEC

    9/30/16

    Input Devices
    Mainly three types if input devices
    1. Cursor Control Devices
    2. Digitizers
    3. Alphanumeric and other keyboard terminals
    . Cursor Control Devices and Digitizers are
    mainly used
    . Two Basic type of interactions with these
    devices

    20

    Creating and positioning new items on the CRT


    screen
    Pointing at or otherwise identifying locations on
    the screen, usually associated with existing
    Department of Mechanical 9/30/16
    images
    Engineering, WEC

    Cursor Control Devices

    21

    Thumbwheels
    Direction keys on a keyboard terminal
    Joysticks
    Tracker ball
    Light pen
    Electronic tablet/pen
    1st four gives cursor control without direct
    contact
    Last two give control via touching the CRT
    screen
    Department of Mechanical
    Engineering, WEC

    9/30/16

    Cursor Control Devices


    Thumbwheels

    22

    Two wheels
    One for horizontal and 2nd for vertical control
    Intersection of two gives the required coordinate

    Direction keys on a keyboard terminal


    Joysticks
    Tracker ball
    Light pen
    Electronic tablet/pen

    Department of Mechanical
    Engineering, WEC

    9/30/16

    Cursor Control Devices


    Thumbwheels
    Direction keys on a keyboard terminal

    23

    Usually used for the movement in 4 axis of the


    cursor
    Right, Left, Up, Down

    Joysticks
    Tracker ball
    Light pen
    Electronic tablet/pen

    Department of Mechanical
    Engineering, WEC

    9/30/16

    Cursor Control Devices


    Thumbwheels
    Direction keys on a keyboard terminal
    Joysticks

    24

    Basic concept: From the control panel of Jet


    Planes
    Used in games
    Integral part of CRT screens

    Tracker ball
    Light pen
    Electronic tablet/pen
    Department of Mechanical
    Engineering, WEC

    9/30/16

    Cursor Control Devices


    Thumbwheels
    Direction keys on a keyboard terminal
    Joysticks
    Tracker ball

    25

    A ball with touch sensitive surface


    Move the cursor via rolling the ball on the pad
    Originated the concept of ball mouse
    And then laser mouse

    Light pen
    Electronic tablet/pen
    Department of Mechanical
    Engineering, WEC

    9/30/16

    Cursor Control Devices


    Thumbwheels
    Direction keys on a keyboard terminal
    Joysticks
    Tracker ball
    Light pen

    Not used for writing purposes


    Used to determine the coordinates from the
    screen
    Useful for refresh type CRT

    26

    Every time detects the change in position


    Time sequence is so short that it is like

    Electronic tablet/pen
    Department of Mechanical
    Engineering, WEC

    9/30/16

    Cursor Control Devices


    Thumbwheels
    Direction keys on a keyboard terminal
    Joysticks
    Tracker ball
    Light pen
    Electronic tablet/pen

    27

    Selecting from function menu


    Drawing on screen or making strokes on the
    screen or tablet which indicate what image is to
    be drawn
    Selecting a portion of the screen for enlargement
    of an existing image
    Department of Mechanical
    Engineering, WEC

    9/30/16

    Digitizers

    Digitizes the hard form of a document to save


    in soft form
    Gives the coordinates of the drawing that will
    be scanned here

    28

    Department of Mechanical
    Engineering, WEC

    9/30/16

    Keyboard Terminals

    Alphanumeric terminal: depending upon the


    type of requirements

    Soft Copy: Used in computers


    Hard form: Type writers

    Function keys vary from 8 to 80


    Now a days touch pads are being used

    29

    Department of Mechanical
    Engineering, WEC

    9/30/16

    Central Processing Unit (CPU)

    30

    Department of Mechanical
    Engineering, WEC

    9/30/16

    Central Processing Unit (CPU)


    Instruction Set Low-Level Commands
    Registers store Instruction Set
    Program containing necessary set of
    instructions resides in memory
    Its location specified by program counter to
    CPU
    Instructions are in form of low level command
    called instruction set which consists of:
    1. Instructions for moving the memory
    contents,
    2. Performing arithmetic & Logic operations,
    3. Other miscellaneous
    commands
    31
    Department of Mechanical 9/30/16

    Engineering, WEC

    Central Processing Unit (CPU)

    A CPU fabricated as single IC (chip)


    Microprocessor.
    Instructions from memory for execution
    Done by Controller
    Controller directs ALU
    ALU performs arithmetic operations
    Operands/results stored in registers
    Operations associated with registers done at
    highest possible speed
    8, 16, 32 bits registers
    32

    Department of Mechanical
    Engineering, WEC

    9/30/16

    Microprocessor
    A PCB consisting of a number of devices (chips)
    What does 4, 16, 32 bit mean? Length of a
    word
    Greater length means faster program
    execution
    Address tells the location of data/instructions
    in memory
    Width of address specifies maximum amount
    of memory locations that a microprocessor
    can directly address
    16 bit is 2^16 locations, i.e. 65536
    Speed of microprocessor System clock

    33

    Department of Mechanical
    Engineering, WEC

    9/30/16

    Central Processing Unit (CPU)

    Managing the design workstations (operator


    inputs, editing etc.)
    Directing plotters in the generation of
    engineering drawings
    Copying data currently on disk onto other
    media
    Reading data from other media like magnetic
    tapes for revision or editing
    Transmitting data to and from the other larger
    computers

    34

    Department of Mechanical
    Engineering, WEC

    9/30/16

    Central Processing Unit (CPU)

    Computers are comparatively less expensive


    due to cheaper electronics
    Design Workstation
    Host
    Computer

    CPU for CAD


    System
    Design Workstation

    Peripheral
    s

    35

    Output
    Plotters etc.

    Design Workstation

    Department of Mechanical
    Engineering, WEC

    9/30/16

    Output Devices

    Pen Plotters

    Hard Copy Units

    Electrostatic plotters

    36

    Department of Mechanical
    Engineering, WEC

    9/30/16

    Output Devices

    Pen Plotters

    37

    Pen writes the required data on a paper


    Drum Plotters
    Flat-bed Plotters

    Department of Mechanical
    Engineering, WEC

    9/30/16

    Output Devices

    Pen Plotters

    Pen writes the required data on a paper


    Drum Plotters

    38

    Relative motion is achieved by circular motion of drum


    and linear motion of pen on the drum
    Fast and can make drawings of virtually unlimited
    length
    Width ranges from 8.5 to 42

    Department of Mechanical
    Engineering, WEC

    9/30/16

    Output Devices

    Pen Plotters

    Flat Bed Plotters

    39

    More expensive than Drum Plotters


    Writing head can move in x,y-direction
    Bed of plotter vary from 5ft to 20ft

    Department of Mechanical
    Engineering, WEC

    9/30/16

    Output Devices

    Hard-copy Unit

    40

    Used to print the data on a paper for hard form


    documentation
    Light sensitive pages are used for printing purpose

    Department of Mechanical
    Engineering, WEC

    9/30/16

    Output Devices

    Electrostatic Plotters

    41

    Normally used printers


    Electrostatic charges are used for printing the
    paper
    Data should be in raster format (because to
    production of raster was with electron flood gun)
    Laser and inkjet printers

    Department of Mechanical
    Engineering, WEC

    9/30/16

    Memory Types

    42

    ROM Read Only Memory


    PROM Programmable Read Only Memory
    EPROM Erasable Programmable ROM
    EEPROM Electrically Erasable and
    programmable ROM
    RAM Random Access Memory
    Flash Memory

    Department of Mechanical
    Engineering, WEC

    9/30/16

    Secondary Storage

    USB Flash drive


    Diskette Drive
    Portable Hard drive
    Magnetic Tapes

    43

    Department of Mechanical
    Engineering, WEC

    9/30/16

    44

    Department of Mechanical
    Engineering, WEC

    9/30/16

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