Milestones Achieved: Viscous Flow in Pipes ??

Recap
Milestones Achieved
-Properties of fluid and fluid statics
-Conservation of mass, energy and momentum
-Flow measurements
-Our Next Focus:
Viscous Flow in pipes ??
Viscous Flow in Pipes
Pipes are Everywhere!

Drainage Pipes
Pipes
Pipes are Everywhere!

Water Mains
Types of Engineering
Problems
How big does the pipe have to be to
carry a flow of x m3/s?
What will the pressure in the water
distribution system be when a fire
hydrant is open?
Viscous Flow in Pipes
-Fully developed laminar flow

-Fully developed turbulent flow
1 dp 2
2
a r
4 dz
u
r
1
Vc
R
Of Importance:
Dimensional Analysis of Conduit Flow
Major and Minor Losses
Moody Diagram
Velocity
profile
Power law
Introduction
In Chemical Engineering process operations, fluids are typically conveyed
through pipelines in which viscous action leads to friction and dissipation of
useful work into heat.
To overcome frictional resistance, the fluid has to be pumped or flow
through the action of gravity.
Whether a fluid is pumped or flow by gravity, it is important to know what
flow rate and velocity can be expected for a given driving force
Now consider a pipe with two pressure gauges separated by distance L
The distance span L is carefully chosen (large enough) so that the

flow pattern is fully developed (flow pattern is such that it no longer
vary with distance along the pipe).
It has been shown experimentally that for a given value of Q (flow
rate), the pressure drop (p1-p2) is directly proportional to L.
Now, a plot of pressure drop per unit length against flow rate gives
three distinctive regimes as shown in the figure below;
From the above figure, three distinctive flow

regimes can be identified:
For flow that are low, the pressure gradient is
directly proportional to the flow rate (Laminar
flow regime)
For intermediate flow rates, the results are
irreproducible but randomly alternate between
regimes 1 and 3 (Transition flow regime).
For high flow rates, the pressure gradient is
closely proportional to the square of the flow
rate.
Reynolds (1883) simple experiment

Dye maintains integrity as a filament
Transitional state
Dye almost immediately disappears

From the above set up, Reynolds made the following observation;
1. For low flow rates (see figure a), the injected dye jet maintains its
integrity as a long filament that travels along with the liquid (due to
diffusion, the jet broadens gradually).
2. For intermediate flow rates, the results are irreproducible but alternates
between extensions of low and high flow regimes.
3. For high flow rates (see figure b), the jet of dye mixes very rapidly with
the surrounding liquid and becomes highly diluted, so that it soon
becomes invisible. The reason is that the liquid flow in the pipe is
unstable, consisting of random turbulent motions superimposed on the
bulk flow to the right.
4.2 Laminar flow

Consider flow in the horizontal (no gravitational effect) cylindrical
pipe of radius a shown below
(shear stress)
r
z
p
L
Pipe wall
P+dp L
dz
A steady state momentum balance to the right gives:

4.2
dp
p r 2 p
L r 2 2 rL 0
dz
Eq. 4.2 states that the net pressure force acting on the circular area r2 of the two
ends is exactly counterbalanced by the shear stress acting on the curved surface,
of area 2rL.
Simplification of eq. 4.2 gives
r dp

2 dz
4.3
Velocity Profiles
Velocity profile--laminar flow
Velocity profile--turbulent flow
Volumetric Flow rate
Viscous Flow: Milestones
Flow regimes
Parabolic Velocity Profile
Maximum Velocity in Laminar Flow
Mean Velocity in Laminar Flow
Volumetric Flow Rate in Laminar Flow
Frictional Dissipation
Turbulent Flow
Turbulent velocity Profile

Turbulence Intensity
Time scale
Shear stress
Power law: flow velocity, flow rate
Turbulent Flow
Most pipe flows of interest are turbulent in nature. It is therefore important to
have some understanding of turbulent flow in pipes. As you will find out, analysis
of pipe flow under turbulent flow regime is quite complex and very little is
understood. This also explains why only a few breakthrough studies in this flow
regime are available in open literature
Areas of application of turbulent flow:
-Mixing processes and
-heat and mass transfer are considerably enhanced in turbulent flow regime
compared to laminar flow. This is due to macroscopic (in laminar flow we have
molecular) scale of the randomness in turbulent flow.
Disadvantage of turbulent flow
-Pressure drop in pipes is higher in turbulent flow regime and
hence the power requirement for pumping fluid is high.
4.3.1 Transition from Laminar to Turbulent Flow
Now consider a long section of a pipe that is initially filled with a fluid at
rest. As the valve is opened to start the flow, the flow (velocity) and
Reynolds number increase from zero (no flow) to their maximum steadystate flow values as shown in the figure above:
A typical trace of the axial component of the velocity measured at

a given location in the flow, u = u(t) is given below:
What can you say about the velocity profile?
Shear Stress in Turbulent Flow

Consider
(shear stress)
r
z
p
L
Pipe wall
P+dp L
dz
Momentum balance
dp
p r p
L r 2 2 rL 0
dz
Simplification gives
r dp

2 dz
OR
p 2
L
r
Turbulent Velocity Profile
The viscous sublayer (in this region, laminar portion of the shear stress
is dominant) very near the pipe wall,
The overlap region ( a transition between viscous sublayer and outer
turbulent layer), and
The outer turbulent layer ( the turbulent portion of the shear stress is
dominant) throughout the centre portion of the flow.
Empirical Relations
Typical structure of the turbulent velocity profile in a pipe
Power Law
The power law is an easy to use expression for velocity profile in turbulent flow.
Its expressed as:
u
r
1
Vc
R
n as function of NRe
4.48
Typical laminar flow and turbulent flow velocity profile
FLOW RATE
(c ) From 4.43,
2 w r
D
2(64.8 N / m 2 )(0.025)
32.4 N / m 2
(0.1)
Recall,
= lam + turb
, from power law velocity profile (Eq.4.48), we obtain the gradient
of the average velocity as
lam
du
dr
V
du
r
c 1
dr
nR
R
Thus,
(1 n ) / n
(6.04 m / s )
0.025 m
1
8.4(0.05 m)
0.05 m
(18.4 ) / 8.4
26.5 / s
lam
du
du
( )
dr
dr
= -(1.004x10-6 m2/s)(998 k/m3) (-26.5/s

=0.0266 N/m2
Thus, the ratio of turbulent to laminar shear stress is given by
turb lam 32.4 0.0266
1220
lam
lam
0.0266
Dimensional Analysis of Conduit Flow

In dimensional analysis certain dimensions must be established as
fundamental, with all others expressible in terms of these. One of the
dimensions is length (L), another is time (t) and the third is mass (M). In
this course the three dimensions are fundamental and all other variables
can be expressed in terms of them. The following table gives a summary
of important variables in momentum transfer.
Important Variables
Variable
Mass
Length
Time
Velocity
Gravitational acc.
Force
Pressure
Density
Viscosity
Surface tension
in Momentum Transfer
Symbol
Dimension
M
M
L
L
t
t
u
L/t
g
L/t2
F
ML/t2
P
M/Lt2
M/L3
M/Lt
M/t2
The dimensional matrix is simply the matrix formed by tabulating the

exponents of the fundamental dimensions M,L,t, which appear in each of the
variables involved
Therefore, two dimensionless parameters can be formed from the given

variables. Let the parameters be 1 and 2. Lets now choose core groups of r
variables. In most cases the core groups are , L and u (remember they
contain all the fundamental dimensions M,L an t. Once we have chosen the
core groups, we remain only with force, F, and viscosity, .
Head Loss in Conduit Flow

As an initial approach to conduit flow we utilize dimensional analysis to
obtain the significant parameters from the flow of an incompressible
fluid in a straight, horizontal, circular pipe of constant x-section.
The significant variables and their dimensional expressions are
represented in the following table:
Each of the variables is familiar, with the exception of the pipe roughness, symbolized
e. The roughness is included to represent the condition of the pipe surface and may be
thought of as characteristic of the height of projections from the pipe wall, hence the
dimension of length.
According to the Buckingham pi theorem the number of independent dimensionless
groups to be formed with these variables is four ( 7-3=4). If the core group consists of
the variables u, D, and , then the groups to be formed are as follows
(b) Rand Water intends to supply 10 ML/day of water ( = 990 kg/m3; = 1.12
x10-3 Pa.s) to a township located 105 km from the pumping station. The resevior
at the pumping station is at an altitude of 1750 m while that at the township is
1990 m above sea level. Both tanks are at atmospheric pressure. The intended
pipeline is to be made of a 1.2 m diameter steel pipe (surface roughness = 0.046
mm). Determine the power requirement for this fluid flow system. If only 50 kW
pumps are available, determine the number of pumping stations required (10
marks).
Major Losses: Turbulent flow

___________
Proportional to the length of the pipe
___________
Proportional to the square of the
velocity (almost)
________
Inversely with the diameter (almost)
________
Increase with surface roughness
Is a function of density and viscosity
Is __________
independent of pressure
2
V
h
K
2
g
Minor Losses
We previously obtained losses through

an expansion using conservation of
energy, momentum, and mass
Most minor losses can not be obtained
analytically, so they must be measured
Minor losses are often expressed as a
loss coefficient, K, times the velocity
head.
2
h
V
K
E
E
2
g
2
2
EE A
11
2
Head Loss due to Gradual

Expansion (Diffusor)
KE
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
20
40
60
80
diffusor angle ()
1
V
C
2
g
C
A
2
2
cc
c
c2
Sudden Contraction
V1
V2
flow separation
losses are reduced with a gradual contraction
IhG
F
1
V
JK
C
A2gh
H
C
2gQ
Sudden Contraction
2
cc orifceorifce
Cc
1
0.95
0.9
0.85
0.8
0.75
0.7
0.65
0.6
0.2
0.4
0.6
A2/A1
0.8
2
V
h
K
e
e
2
g
K
.K
1
0
ee
5
0
.4
Entrance Losses
Losses can be
reduced by
accelerating the
flow gradually and
eliminating
the
vena
contracta
vena contracta
2
V
h
K
b
b
2
g
Head Loss in Bends
Head loss is a function High pressure

of the ratio of the bend
Possible
radius to the pipe
separation
diameter (R/D)
R from wall
Velocity distribution
D
returns to normal
Low pressure
several pipe diameters
downstream
Kb varies from 0.6 - 0.9
2
V
h
K
v
v
2
g
Head Loss in Valves

Function of valve type and
valve position
The complex flow path
through valves can result in
high head loss (of course,
one of the purposes of a
valve is to create head loss
when it is not fully open)

Milestones Achieved: Viscous Flow in Pipes ??

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Recap

Viscous Flow in pipes ??

Viscous Flow in Pipes

Pipes are Everywhere!

Pipes are Everywhere!

Viscous Flow in Pipes

-Fully developed laminar flow

Now consider a pipe with two pressure gauges separated by distance L

The distance span L is carefully chosen (large enough) so that the

From the above figure, three distinctive flow

Reynolds (1883) simple experiment

Dye almost immediately disappears

4.2 Laminar flow

A steady state momentum balance to the right gives:

Velocity profile--turbulent flow

Volumetric Flow rate

Viscous Flow: Milestones

Turbulent velocity Profile

4.3.1 Transition from Laminar to Turbulent Flow

A typical trace of the axial component of the velocity measured at

What can you say about the velocity profile?

Shear Stress in Turbulent Flow

Turbulent Velocity Profile

Typical structure of the turbulent velocity profile in a pipe

Typical laminar flow and turbulent flow velocity profile

= -(1.004x10-6 m2/s)(998 k/m3) (-26.5/s

turb lam 32.4 0.0266

Dimensional Analysis of Conduit Flow

The dimensional matrix is simply the matrix formed by tabulating the

Therefore, two dimensionless parameters can be formed from the given

Head Loss in Conduit Flow

Major Losses: Turbulent flow

We previously obtained losses through

Head Loss due to Gradual

Head Loss in Bends

Head loss is a function High pressure

Kb varies from 0.6 - 0.9

Head Loss in Valves

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