Pronunciation 1

PRONUNCIATION
ENGLISH
DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LETTERS
GUNADARMA UNIVERSITY
PRONUNCIATION
The act of producing the sounds of speech,
including articulation, stress, and
intonation, often with reference to some
standard of correctness.
PHONETICS
Phonetics deals with the production of
speech sounds (bunyi ujaran) by humans
using speech organs (organ bicara).
Speech sounds: 1)vowels, 2)consonants.
(vowels: diphthongs, triphthongs)
Phonology is about patterns of sounds.
English Consonants in IPA

(International Phonetic Alphabet)
[p]
pill
[t]
till
[k]
kill
[b]
bill
[d]
dill
[g]
gill
[m]
mill
[n]
nil
[]
ring
[f]
feel
[s]
seal
[h]
heal
[v]
veal
[z]
zeal
[l]
leaf
[]
thigh
[t t]
chill
[r]
reef
[]
thy
[]
Jill
[j]
you
[]
shy
[]
which
[w]
witch
[]
measure
SPEECH ORGAN:
SPEECH ORGAN:
TABLE OF CONSONANTS:
ENGLISH CONSONANTS:
p - pip, pot
b - bat, bug
t - tell, table
d - dog, dig
k - cat, key
g - get, gum
f - fish, phone
v - van, vat
- thick, thump, faith
- these, there, smooth
ENGLISH CONSONANTS:
s - sat, sit
z - zebra, zap
- ship
- treasure, leisure
h - hop, hut
t - chip
d - lodge, judge
m - man, mummy
n - man, pan
- sing, wrong
l - let, lips
r - rub, ran
w - wait, worm
j - yet, yacht
VOWEL DIAGRAM:
Front
Central
High
Mid
Low
Back
i:
:
u:
ENGLISH VOWELS:
(SHORT)
- bit, silly
- bet, head
- cat, dad
- dog, rotten
- cut, nut
- put, soot
- about, clever
ENGLISH VOWELS:
(LONG)
i: - cream, seen
- burn, firm (also shown as : ) )
- hard, far
- corn, faun
u: - boob, glue
DIPHTHONGS:
a - spice, pie
- wait, fate
- toy, joy
- oats, note
a - clown, vow
- bored, poured
- deer, pier
- hair, bear
- cure, fuel
[-z] or [-s]
Bananas
Grapes
Lemons
Cookies
Cakes
Tarts
Potatoes
Carrots
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
[-z]
[-s]
[-z]
[-z]
[-s]
[-s]
[-z]
[-s]
[-d], [-t], or [-id]
Studied
1. [-d]
Kicked
2. [-t]
Eliminated
3. [-id]
Erased
4. [-d]
Looked
5. [-t]
Typed
6. [-t]
Measured
7. [-d]
Surrounded
8. [-id]
SEGMENTAL AND SUPRASEGMENTAL

SOUNDS
Ramelan(2004:22) classifies sounds into
segmental and suprasegmentals . He classifies
segmental, which refer to sound units arranged
in a sequential order, the example above has
nine segmental feature, phonetically transcribed
in the following way /gud-hvnz/.
He classifies suprasegmentals, which refer to
such features as stress, pitch, length intonation,
and other features that always accompany the
production of segmental.
(Jones,2002:11) classifies sounds into

vowels and consonants. He includes
diphthongs in the vowel class. He
considers length, rhythm, stress and
intonation as suprasegmental sounds.
Vowels
According to Jones(2002:12) vowel is when the
tongue takes up a vowel position, a resonance
chamber is formed which modified the quality of
produce by the voice, and give rise to a distinct
quality or timber. He defines a vowel (in normal
speech) as a voiced sound in forming which the
air issues in a continuous stream through the
pharynx and mouth, there being a narrowing
such as would cause audible friction.
According to the position of the highest point of
the tongue, vowels can be classified into front
vowels, central vowels, and back vowels.
Consonants
Consonant may be classified into voice
consonant and voiceless consonant. A
voiced consonant is a sound produced
when the vocal cords are vibrating. While,
voiceless consonants is a sound made with
no vibration of the vocal cord (Dale and
Poem, 2005:116).
CONSONANTS
According to Baker (2005:24) consonant is
a sound, voiced and voiceless, in which
the air stream is obstructed through a
narrowing or complete closure of the
mouth passage in the other words.
The sound of a consonant depends on
whether or not the vocal cords vibrate,
where and how it is formed.
Diphthongs
Jones (2002: 22) says diphthong is when the sound is
made by gliding from one vowel position to another.
Diphthongs are represented phonetically by sequences of
two letters, the first showing the starting point and the
second indicating the direction of movement. He defines a
diphthong as an independent vowel-glide not containing
within itself either a peak or trough of prominence.
What is meant by vowel glide is that speech-organs start
in the position of one vowel and move in the direction of
another vowel.
What is mean by independent is that the glide is
expressly made, and is not merely unavoidable
concomitant of sounds preceding and following.
Diphthongs are classified into three, namely raising/
closing diphthong, falling students and centring
diphthongs.
Suprasegmental Sounds
1) Length Rhythm
The length or quality of a sound is the length of
time during which it is held on continuously in a
given word or phrase (Jones,2002 : 232).
Rhythm is represented by means of musical
notation.
The term lenght refers to the period of time
during which a sound is produced in a given
utterance (Ramelan,2004:29)
2) Stress
Stress is the degree of force with which a
sound or syllable is uttered
(Jones,1987:245). Stress [ ], moderate
stress (no symbol ),and weak stress [ , ],
for example in the word unimportant
[ n,Imp:tn ].
Ramelan(2004:25) states that stress meant the

degree of force or loudness with which a syllable
is pronounced so as to give it prominence. He
said there three degrees of stress can be
observed in English:
1) Strong or primary stress
2) Medium or secondary stress
3) Weak stress
3) Intonation
According to Ramelan(2004:32)intonation
may also be called the melody of speech.
The proper use of intonation is very
important since it makes speech more
lively and interesting to the
hearer.Intonation is divided into at least
two kinds namely : rising intonation and
falling intonation.
English Vowels in IPA

(International Phonetic Alphabet)
[i] [i:]
beet
[I]
bit
[e] [ei]
bait
[][e]
bet
[u] [u:]
boot
[ ]
foot
[o] [ou] [u]
boat
[] [] [:]
bore
[]
bat
[a][] []
pot
[]
butt
[]
ahead
[aj] [ai]
bite
[aw] [au]
bout
[:]
bird
[j] [i]
Boy
[a:]
father
English Diphthongs
[ei] make, day
[ou] [u] low, so
[ai] like, height
[i] enjoy, boy
[au] house, cow
[i] fear, cheer
[u] cure, tour
[] [e] share, hair
[] [:] more, shore
English Triphthongs
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
[ai] liar, fire

[u] mower, lower
[ei] player, layer
[au] power, hour
[i ] loyal, royal
Write the Phonetic Symbols of the

Following Words
1. Utterance
8. Thorough
2. Method
9. Severe
3. Examine
10. Say - Said
4. Determine
11. Bush
5. Literature
12. Plumber
6. Clause
13. Debt
7. Because
14. Doubtful
15. Climbing
24. Honourable
16. Serious
25. Honest
17. Series
26. Tongue
18. Theme
27. Phonology
19. Height
28. Stomach
20. Convey
29. Charles
21. Law - Low
30. Symbol
22. Procedure
31. Saw
23. Present (v)
32. Awful
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
Poem
Written
Author
Novel
Tone
Phase Face
Service
Massage
Message
41. Naughty
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
Colleague
Thought
Taught
Analysis
Bathe
Raise - Rise
Perfect (adj)
Morpheme
50. Focus
51. Signature
59. dessert
52. Failure
60. unity
53. Rouge
61. diversity
54. Separate
62. technology
55. Value
63. culture
56. Cuisine
64. course
57. Suicide
65. source
58. Legal
66. atmosphere
68. Occur
75. unity
69. Written
76. opposite
70. Audience
77. hyponym
71. Semantics
78. cause
72. Oxford
79. change
73. Acquire
80. choir
74. period
81. ask act

82. suitable
83. ninth
84. develop - development
85. Ralph
86. receipt
87. recipe
88. Psychology
89. linked
97. washes
90. opted 98. boxes

91. fixed
106. fined
99. eyes
92. rained
107. faced
100. shapes
93. segmented
105. sliced
108. baked
101. suffixes
109. clauses
94. ended
102. branches
110. prefixes
95. dialed
103. bridges
111. saves
96. watched
104. ages
112. cooked
THANK YOU

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PRONUNCIATION

English Consonants in IPA

[-d], [-t], or [-id]

SEGMENTAL AND SUPRASEGMENTAL

(Jones,2002:11) classifies sounds into

Ramelan(2004:25) states that stress meant the

English Vowels in IPA

[o] [ou] [u]

[ai] liar, fire

Write the Phonetic Symbols of the

10. Say - Said

21. Law - Low

23. Present (v)

81. ask act

90. opted 98. boxes

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