Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 274 views

    Complex Inheritance Patterns

    Uploaded by

    Sharanya Bhaskar
    In the 150 years since Mendel's first experiments, geneticists have discovered that genetic traits usually don't follow simple inheritance patterns. Some traits, like human eye color and stature, are produced by the interplay of many sets of genes; these are known as "polygenic traits." Other traits show a phenomenon called intermediate expression, in which a heterozygous genotype will produce a phenotype that's different from homozygous dominant genotypes. In snapdragons, for example, a homozygous dominant genotype makes red flowers, homozygous recessive makes white flowers, and heterozygous individuals are pink.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Complex Inheritance Patterns

    Uploaded by

    Sharanya Bhaskar
    274 views23 pages
    In the 150 years since Mendel's first experiments, geneticists have discovered that genetic traits usually don't follow simple inheritance patterns. Some traits, like human eye color and stature, are produced by the interplay of many sets of genes; these are known as "polygenic traits." Other traits show a phenomenon called intermediate expression, in which a heterozygous genotype will produce a phenotype that's different from homozygous dominant genotypes. In snapdragons, for example, a homozygous dominant genotype makes red flowers, homozygous recessive makes white flowers, and heterozygous individuals are pink.

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    In the 150 years since Mendel's first experiments, geneticists have discovered that genetic traits usually don't follow simple inheritance patterns. Some traits, like human eye color and stature, are produced by the interplay of many sets of genes; these are known as "polygenic traits." Other traits show a phenomenon called intermediate expression, in which a heterozygous genotype will produce a phenotype that's different from homozygous dominant genotypes. In snapdragons, for example, a homozygous dominant genotype makes red flowers, homozygous recessive makes white flowers, and heterozygous individuals are pink.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    274 views23 pages

    Complex Inheritance Patterns

    Uploaded by

    Sharanya Bhaskar
    In the 150 years since Mendel's first experiments, geneticists have discovered that genetic traits usually don't follow simple inheritance patterns. Some traits, like human eye color and stature, are produced by the interplay of many sets of genes; these are known as "polygenic traits." Other traits show a phenomenon called intermediate expression, in which a heterozygous genotype will produce a phenotype that's different from homozygous dominant genotypes. In snapdragons, for example, a homozygous dominant genotype makes red flowers, homozygous recessive makes white flowers, and heterozygous individuals are pink.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 23
    At a glance
    Powered by AI
    The text discusses different patterns of inheritance including incomplete dominance, codominance, sex-linked inheritance, polygenic inheritance and environmental influences on gene expression.

    The text discusses incomplete dominance, codominance, sex-linked inheritance, polygenic inheritance and environmental influences.

    In humans, curly hair (HH) is incompletely dominant to straight hair (H'H'). The heterozygous individual has wavy hair (HH').

    Patterns of Heredity and

    Human Genetics

    When Heredity Follows Different


    Rules

    Incomplete Dominance
    The

    phenotype of the
    heterozygous is
    intermediate between
    those of the two
    homozygous
    individuals.
    Neither allele is
    completely dominant.

    Incomplete dominance

    Incomplete Dominance
    In

    humans, curly hair (HH) is incompletely


    dominant to straight hair (HH). The
    heterozygous individual has wavy hair (HH).
    Cross a person with curly hair with a person who
    has wavy hair.

    __________

    X _________

    Codominance
    The

    phenotypes of both
    homozygous individuals
    are visible in
    heterozygous individuals.
    Both alleles are
    expressed equally.
    EX: Red horse (RR)
    crossed with a white
    horse (WW) results in
    roan (RW)

    In

    chickens, black feather color (BB) is


    codominant to white feather color (WW). Both
    feather colors show up in a checkered pattern
    in the heterozygous individual (BW). Cross a
    checkered chicken with a checkered chicken.

    __________X________

    Codominance

    Codominance in Humans
    Sickle cell carriers
    Heterozygous

    individuals have normal and


    sickle shaped cells.
    Carry sickle cell trait and can pass on to
    offspring.

    Multiple Allelic
    Traits

    controlled
    by more than two
    alleles

    EX:

    blood type (A-B-O)

    GENOTY
    PES
    IAIA
    IAi
    IBIB
    IBi
    IAIB
    ii

    RESULTING
    PHENOTYPES
    Type A
    Type A
    Type B
    Type B
    Type AB
    Type O

    1. A woman with Type O blood and a man who is


    Type AB have are expecting a child. What are the
    possible blood types of the kid?
    So our cross is: ii x IAIB. The proper p-square would look like this:
    on to #2 As you can see, our
    results are as follows:
    50% of kids will be
    heterozygous with
    blood Type A
    50% will be
    heterozygous with
    blood Type B

    2. What are the possible blood types of a child


    who's parents are both heterozygous for "B" blood
    type?

    There is a 75% (3 of 4)
    chance that the child
    will be Type B,
    and a 25% (1 of 4)
    chance that the child
    will inherit Type O (ii).

    Jill is blood Type O. She has two older brothers


    (who tease her like crazy) with blood types A &
    B. What are the genotypes of her parents with
    respect to this trait?

    With some careful thinking we don't even need to do the psquare thing. Jill is Type O, meaning her genotype is "ii".
    This means that her parents each have at least one "i" in
    their genotype (since she inherited one from each parent).
    Since one brother is Type B, one of the parents must have
    the IB allele, making that parent IBi.
    And since the other brother is Type A, the other parent
    must have the IA allele & have a genotype of IAi.
    There you have it. Jill's parents are IAi & IB , and her
    brothers shouldn't be so mean. on to #6

    Multiple Alleles in Humans


    Blood

    type

    Importance:
    Mixing incompatible blood causes clumping

    resulting in death.
    Determining parentage

    Sex-Linked Inheritance
    Traits

    controlled by genes located on sex


    chromosomes are sex-linked traits.
    The alleles for sex-linked traits are written as

    superscripts (XRY, XRXr)


    Traits carried on Y chromosomes are only
    passed from a father to his son.
    X-linked traits can be passed to a son or
    daughter.

    X-linked traits
    EXAMPLE: Drosophilia
    In males fruit flies, eye color is carried on the X chromosome.
    Red eyes (R) is dominant to white (r).
    If a male inherits a single recessive allele (r ) he will have
    white eyes. If a female inherits a single recessive allele
    (r ) she will have red eyes.
    Male XrY white eyes
    Male XRY red eyes

    Female XRXr red


    Female XRXR - red
    Female XrXr -white

    Sex-linked traits in Humans


    Red/green color blindness
    X-linked disorder.

    Cant

    differentiate b/w
    red and green.

    Trouble

    identify red
    and green traffic lights.

    Hemophilia
    X-linked disorder
    Inability to clot.
    Males inherit from carrier
    mothers.
    Females need two
    recessive alleles.
    Treated with transfusions,
    injecting blood clotting
    enzyme.

    Polygenic Inheritance
    The

    inheritance of a trait that is controlled


    by two or more genes that may or may not
    be on the same gene.

    All

    heterozygous individuals have an


    intermediate phenotype.

    Polygenic Inheritance in
    Humans
    Skin

    color

    When a light and dark-

    skinned person mate,


    children are
    intermediate color.
    Eye

    color
    Height
    stature, hair color, and
    body shape

    Environmental Influences
    The

    genetic makeup (GENOTYPE)


    determines an organisms potential to
    develop and function.

    Many

    factors can influence how a gene is


    expressed.
    External influences
    Internal Influences

    Environmental Influences
    External

    Internal

    Temperature

    Hormones

    Nutrition

    Structural differences

    Light

    Age

    Chemicals
    Infectious agents

    Human gender differences in facial hair

    Pictures and examples are taken


    from various websites.

    You might also like