Nervous System: Mir Saleem, MD, MS

CHAPTER 12
Nervous System
Mir Saleem, MD, MS
Combining Forms
alges/o sense of pain

astr/o star
centr/o center
cerebell/o cerebellum
cerebr/o cerebrum
clon/o rapid contracting and relaxing
concuss/o to shake violently
dur/o dura mater
neur/o nerve
Combining Forms
encephal/o brain
esthes/o sensation, feeling
gli/o glue
medull/o medulla
mening/o meninges
meningi/o meninges
ment/o mind
myel/o spinal cord
Combining Forms
peripher/o away from center

plegi/o paralysis
poli/o gray matter
pont/o pons
radicul/o nerve root
thalam/o thalamus
thec/o sheath (meninges)
ton/o tone
ventricul/o ventricle
Suffixes
paresis
plegia
phasia
taxia
weakness
paralysis
speech
muscle coordination
Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy and
Physiology

It is center for:
Thoughts
Memory
Judgment
Emotion
It processes
Sensory and
motor functions

Diencephalon:
Thalamus:
Process sensory information
Hypothalamus:
Controls body temperature, appetite, sleep,
sexual desire, and emotions, and autonomic
nervous system
Cerebellum:
Coordinating voluntary body movements
Maintaining balance and equilibrium

Brain Stem:
Midbrain
Acts as pathway for impulses between brain
and spinal cord
Pons
Means bridge
Connects cerebellum to rest of brain
Medulla oblongata
Most inferior portion of brain
Connects brain to spinal cord
Anatomy and
Physiology
Spinal Cord
Ascending tracts
carry sensory
information up to
brain
Descending tracts
carry motor
commands down
from brain to
peripheral nerve

Meninges
Protective membrane sac
Encases entire CNS

Peripheral Nervous System
Consists of:
12 pairs of cranial nerves
31 pairs of spinal nerves
Cranial nerves
Arise from brain
Spinal nerves
Split off from spinal cord
One pair (left and right) exit between
each pair of vertebrae

CN I Olfactory
sense of smell
CN II Optic
sense of sight
CN
III
Oculomotor
controls eye muscles and pupil of

eye
CN
IV
Trochlear
controls oblique muscles of eye
CN V Trigeminal
CN
VI
Abducens
facial sensation and controls

muscles for chewing
controls eyeball muscles to turn
eye to side

CN
VII
Facial
CN
Vestibulocochlear
VIII
controls facial muscles for

expression, salivation, and taste
on ant. two-thirds of tongue
sense of equilibrium and hearing
CN
IX
sensation from pharynx and

Glossopharyngeal
taste on one-third of tongue
CN
X
Vagus
supplies most organs in

abdominal and thoracic cavities
CN
XI
Accessory
controls neck & shoulder

muscles
CN
XII
Hypoglossal
controls tongue muscles
Anatomy
and
Physiology

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS):
Control of involuntary or unconscious
bodily functions
Sympathetic branch
Stimulates body in times of stress and crisis
Increases heart rate, dilates airways, increases
blood pressure, inhibits digestion, and
stimulates production of adrenaline
Parasympathetic branch
Serves as counterbalance for sympathetic
nerves
Causes heart rate to slow down, lowers blood
pressure, and stimulates digestion

Somatic Nerves
Mainly involved with conscious and
voluntary activities of body
Serve skin and skeletal muscles
Carry information from sensory

receptors of skin
Such as touch, temperature,
pressure, and pain
Carry motor commands to skeletal

muscles
Signs and Symptoms

absence
seizure
epileptic seizure characterized by loss of

awareness and absence of activity
analgesia
absence of pain
anesthesia
lack of feeling or sensation
aphasia
inability to communicate verbally or in

writing
ataxia
lack of muscle coordination
aura
sensations occurring prior to epileptic

seizure or migraine; e.g., seeing colors
cephalalgia
a headache
Signs and Symptoms

coma
state of profound unconsciousness
conscious
awake and aware of surroundings
convulsion
alternating between strong involuntary

muscle contractions and relaxations
delirium
confusion, disorientation, and agitation
dementia
impaired intellectual function
dysphasia
difficulty communicating verbally or in

writing
focal seizure
seizure in only one limb or body part
hemiparesis
weakness on one side of body
Signs and Symptoms

hemiplegia
paralysis on one side of body
hyperesthesia
abnormally heightened sense of feeling,

pain or touch
monoparesis
muscle weakness in a single limb
monoplegia
paralysis of one limb
neuralgia
nerve pain
palsy
loss of ability to control movements
paralysis
temporary or permanent loss of

voluntary movement
paraplegia
paralysis of lower portion of body
Signs and Symptoms

paresthesia
abnormal sensations such as burning or

tingling
quadriplegia
paralysis of all four limbs
seizure
sudden, uncontrollable onset of

symptoms; such as in epileptic seizure
aware of surroundings only part of the

semiconscious
time
syncope
Fainting
tonic-clonic
seizure
epileptic seizure with strong muscle

spasms; formerly called grand mal
tremor
involuntary repetitive alternating

movements
Brain Pathology
Alzheimer's
disease
disorder characterized by progressive

dementia, disorientation, apathy, and
loss of memory
cerebral
aneurysm
ballooning of cerebral artery; may

cause stroke
cerebral
contusion
bruising of brain from impact;

symptoms last longer than 24 hrs;
include unconsciousness, dizziness,
vomiting, unequal pupils
cerebral palsy
(CP)
brain damage results from defect,

trauma, or oxygen deprivation at time
of birth
Brain Pathology
concussion
mild traumatic brain injury from impact
stroke
infarct due to loss of blood supply to

brain; may be due to hemorrhage,
thrombus, embolus, or compression;
epilepsy
seizures and loss of consciousness caused

by uncontrolled electrical activity of brain
hydrocephalus
accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within

brain ventricles
migraine
specific type of headache with severe

pain, light sensitivity, dizziness, and
nausea
Brain Pathology
Parkinson's
disease
chronic disorder of brain with tremors,

weakness, muscle rigidity, & shuffling
gait
Reye's
syndrome
acute encephalopathy and organ

damage; follows viral infection and
associated with taking aspirin
transient
ischemic
attack (TIA)
temporary interference with blood

supply to brain; may lead to a CVA
Spinal Cord Pathology

amyotrophic lateral degeneration of motor neurons of
sclerosis (ALS)
spinal cord (Lou Gehrig's disease)
myelitis
inflammation of the spinal cord
poliomyelitis
viral infection affecting spinal cord;

paralysis may be mild and temporary
or severe and permanent
spina bifida
congenital defect where lamina of

vertebra do not meet or close to form
spinal canal
myelomeningocele
protrusion of meninges and spinal

cord through opening left by spina
bifida defect
Nerves
Bell's palsy
one-sided facial paralysis caused by virus
Guillain-Barr
syndrome
(GBS)
temporary loss of myelin sheath; may be

autoimmune; starts in legs and
progresses upward
multiple
loss of myelin sheath; results in
sclerosis (MS) weakness and numbness
myasthenia
gravis
muscular weakness and fatigue due to

insufficient neurotransmitter at synapses
neuropathy
general term for disease or damage to a

nerve
radiculopathy
condition caused by herniated disc

putting pressure on a nerve root
Meninges
epidural
hematoma
mass of blood in
space outside dura
mater
meningitis
inflammation of the
meninges
subdural
hematoma
mass of blood
forming inside
subdural space; due
to torn meningeal
blood vessel; space
occupying lesion
Diagnostic Tests
cerebrospinal
fluid analysis
examination of CSF; may

detect infections and blood
CT scan
A detailed image of brain

and surrounding tissue
cerebral
angiography
X-ray of cerebral blood

vessels after injection of
radiopaque dye
myelography
X-ray of spinal cord after

injection of radiopaque dye
into spinal canal
Diagnostic Tests
positron
emission
tomography
(PET)
use of positive radionuclides to

construct an image of the
brain; image reveals metabolic
activity of brain areas
electroencep
records the electrical activity of
halography
brain
(EEG)
lumbar
puncture
puncture to remove CSF for

examination
nerve
conduction
velocity
measures speed at which an

impulse travels along a nerve;
reveals nerve damage
Medical & Surgical Procedures
nerve block
anesthetic injection into nerve area to

block nerve impulses on that nerve;
used to treat chronic pain
removes blockage of major artery in

carotid
neck that carries blood to brain by
endarterectomy
removing inner lining of the artery
laminectomy
removes part of vertebra; relieves

pressure on spinal nerve
tractotomy
surgical cut of nerve tract; treats

severe chronic pain
Pharmacology
analgesic
treats minor to moderate pain,

non-narcotic
anesthetic
produces loss of sensation or

consciousness
anticonvulsant
reduces nerve excitability to

prevent seizures
dopaminergic drugs
treats Parkinson's disease
hypnotic
promotes sleep
narcotic analgesic
treats severe pain
sedative
calming or relaxing effect

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CHAPTER 12

alges/o sense of pain

peripher/o away from center

Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy and Physiology

controls eye muscles and pupil of

controls oblique muscles of eye

facial sensation and controls

Anatomy and Physiology

controls facial muscles for

sensation from pharynx and

supplies most organs in

controls neck & shoulder

controls tongue muscles

Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy and Physiology

Carry information from sensory

Carry motor commands to skeletal

Signs and Symptoms

epileptic seizure characterized by loss of

lack of feeling or sensation

inability to communicate verbally or in

lack of muscle coordination

sensations occurring prior to epileptic

Signs and Symptoms

state of profound unconsciousness

awake and aware of surroundings

alternating between strong involuntary

confusion, disorientation, and agitation

impaired intellectual function

difficulty communicating verbally or in

seizure in only one limb or body part

weakness on one side of body

Signs and Symptoms

paralysis on one side of body

abnormally heightened sense of feeling,

muscle weakness in a single limb

paralysis of one limb

loss of ability to control movements

temporary or permanent loss of

paralysis of lower portion of body

Signs and Symptoms

abnormal sensations such as burning or

paralysis of all four limbs

sudden, uncontrollable onset of

aware of surroundings only part of the

epileptic seizure with strong muscle

involuntary repetitive alternating

disorder characterized by progressive

ballooning of cerebral artery; may

bruising of brain from impact;

brain damage results from defect,

mild traumatic brain injury from impact