04A-Chapter 4, Sec 4.1 and 4.3 Black
04A-Chapter 4, Sec 4.1 and 4.3 Black
04A-Chapter 4, Sec 4.1 and 4.3 Black
Flux Plots
and
Shape Factors
Chapter 4
Sections 4.1 and 4.3
General Considerations
General Considerations
Two-dimensional conduction:
Temperature distribution is characterized by two spatial coordinates,
e.g., T (x,y).
Heat flux vector is characterized by two directional components,
e.g., qx and qy .
Heat transfer in a long, prismatic solid with two isothermal surfaces
and two insulated surfaces:
Note the shapes of lines of constant temperature (isotherms) and heat flow lines
(adiabats).
What is the relationship between isotherms and heat flow lines?
Solution Methods
T T q x, y
2
0
2
x
y
k
2
Solution Methods:
Exact/Analytical: Separation of Variables (Section 4.2)
Limited to simple geometries and boundary conditions.
Flux Plots
Flux Plots
Rules:
On a schematic of the two-dimensional conduction domain, identify all
lines of symmetry, which are equivalent to adiabats and hence heat flow lines.
Sketch approximately uniformly spaced isotherms on the schematic,
choosing a small to moderate number in accordance with the desired
fineness of the network and rendering them approximately perpendicular
to all adiabats at points of intersection.
Draw heat flow lines in accordance with requirements for a network
of curvilinear squares.
y
2
2
Determination of heat rate:
Ml
T
k T12
q Mqi M k y l j
N
x
M
q
k T12
N
x
(4.20)
(4.24)
Shape Factor
(4.25)
Ml
N
Exact and approximate results for common two-dimensional systems are
provided in Table 4.1. For example,
Case 6. Long (L>>w) circular
cylinder centered in square
solid of equal length
S
(4.26)
2 L
1n 1.08w / D
(4.27)
Schematic
Flux Plot
Determine the error associated with the flux plot by using a result from Table 4.1 to
compute the actual value of the shape factor.
Schematic:
1/ 2
1/ 2
3
50 W m 2 K 2 0.005 m 240W m K
1/ 2
16.4 K W