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    CMC (Ceramic Matrix Composite)

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    This document discusses ceramic matrix composites (CMCs). CMCs have a ceramic matrix reinforced with fibers like carbon or silicon carbide. This gives CMCs advantages over monolithic ceramics like higher strength, hardness, and ability to withstand high temperatures. However, ceramics are brittle. Reinforcing them with fibers increases their fracture toughness and makes failure more gradual. Common manufacturing methods for CMCs include hot pressing. Carbon-carbon (C-C) composites use carbon fibers in a carbon matrix and can withstand very high temperatures up to 3315°C. C-C composites have applications in areas like space shuttle nose cones and aircraft brakes due to their high temperature and mechanical properties

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    CMC (Ceramic Matrix Composite)

    Uploaded by

    ARS
    226 views27 pages
    This document discusses ceramic matrix composites (CMCs). CMCs have a ceramic matrix reinforced with fibers like carbon or silicon carbide. This gives CMCs advantages over monolithic ceramics like higher strength, hardness, and ability to withstand high temperatures. However, ceramics are brittle. Reinforcing them with fibers increases their fracture toughness and makes failure more gradual. Common manufacturing methods for CMCs include hot pressing. Carbon-carbon (C-C) composites use carbon fibers in a carbon matrix and can withstand very high temperatures up to 3315°C. C-C composites have applications in areas like space shuttle nose cones and aircraft brakes due to their high temperature and mechanical properties

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    This document discusses ceramic matrix composites (CMCs). CMCs have a ceramic matrix reinforced with fibers like carbon or silicon carbide. This gives CMCs advantages over monolithic ceramics like higher strength, hardness, and ability to withstand high temperatures. However, ceramics are brittle. Reinforcing them with fibers increases their fracture toughness and makes failure more gradual. Common manufacturing methods for CMCs include hot pressing. Carbon-carbon (C-C) composites use carbon fibers in a carbon matrix and can withstand very high temperatures up to 3315°C. C-C composites have applications in areas like space shuttle nose cones and aircraft brakes due to their high temperature and mechanical properties

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    226 views27 pages

    CMC (Ceramic Matrix Composite)

    Uploaded by

    ARS
    This document discusses ceramic matrix composites (CMCs). CMCs have a ceramic matrix reinforced with fibers like carbon or silicon carbide. This gives CMCs advantages over monolithic ceramics like higher strength, hardness, and ability to withstand high temperatures. However, ceramics are brittle. Reinforcing them with fibers increases their fracture toughness and makes failure more gradual. Common manufacturing methods for CMCs include hot pressing. Carbon-carbon (C-C) composites use carbon fibers in a carbon matrix and can withstand very high temperatures up to 3315°C. C-C composites have applications in areas like space shuttle nose cones and aircraft brakes due to their high temperature and mechanical properties

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 27

    Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMC)

    Ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) have a ceramic matrix such as alumina calcium alumino
    silicate reinforced by bers such as carbon or silicon carbide.

    Advantages of CMCs
    High strength,
    Hardness,
    High service temperature limits for ceramics,
    Chemical inertness, and
    Low density.
    However, ceramics by themselves have low fracture toughness. Under tensile or impact loading,
    they fail catastrophically.

    Reinforcing ceramics with bers, such as silicon carbide or carbon, increases their fracture
    toughness because it causes gradual failure of the composite. This combination of a ber and
    ceramic matrix makes CMCs more attractive for applications in which high mechanical
    properties and extreme service temperatures are desired.

    Manufacturing Method of CMC


    One of the most common methods to manufacture ceramic matrix composites is called the hot
    pressing method. Glass bers in continuous tow are passed through slurry consisting of
    powdered matrix material, solvent such as alcohol, and an organic binder (Figure 1.31). The tow
    is then wound on a drum and dried to form prepreg tapes. The prepreg tapes can now be
    stacked to make a required laminate. Heating at about 500C burns out the binder. Hot pressing
    at high temperatures in excess of 1000C and pressures of 7 to 14 MPa follows this.

    Carbon Carbon Composites


    Carboncarbon composites use carbon bers in a carbon matrix. These composites are
    used in very high-temperature environments of up to 3315C, and are 20 times stronger and
    30% lighter than graphite bers.

    Advantages of C-C Composites


    Carbon is brittle and aw sensitive like ceramics. Reinforcement of a carbon matrix
    allows the composite to fail gradually and also gives advantages such as ability to
    withstand high temperatures, low creep at high temperatures, low density, good tensile
    and compressive strengths, high fatigue resistance, high thermal conductivity, and high
    coefcient of friction.
    Drawbacks include high cost, low shear strength, and susceptibility to oxidations at high
    temperatures.

    Processing a cc composite
    Low-pressure carbonization
    A graphite cloth is taken, impregnated by resin (such as phenolic, pitch, and furfuryl ester), and
    laid up in layers. It is laid in a mold, cured, and trimmed. The part is then pyrolized, converting
    the phenolic resin to graphite. The composite is then impregnated by furfuryl alcohol. The
    process drives off the resin and any volatiles. The process is repeated three or four times until
    the level of porosity is reduced to an acceptable level. Each time, this process increases its
    modulus and strength. Because carboncarbon composites oxidize at temperatures as low
    as 450C, an outer layer of silicon carbide may be deposited.

    Applications of c-c composites


    Space shuttle nose cones: As the shuttle enters Earths atmosphere, temperatures as
    high as 1700C are experienced.
    Aircraft brakes: The carboncarbon brakes cost $970/kg, which is several times more than
    their metallic counterpart; however, the high durability (two to four times that of steel), high
    specic heat (2.5 times that of steel), low braking distances and braking times (threequarters that of berylium), and large weight savings of up to 450 kg on a commercial aircraft
    such as Airbus A300-B2K and A300-B4 are attractive.

    Mechanical fasteners: Fasteners needed for high temperature applications are made of
    carboncarbon composites because they lose little strength at high temperatures.

    Natural fibers
    NATURAL FIBERS
    abaca, coconut, flax, hemp, jute, kenaf and sisal
    are the most common are derived from the bast
    or outer stem of certain plants.
    They have the lowest density of any structural fiber
    but possess sufficient stiffness and strength for
    some applications.
    The automotive industry, in particular, is using
    these fibers in traditionally unreinforced plastic
    parts and even employs them as an alternative to
    glass fibers. European fabricators hold the lead in
    use of these materials, in part because regulations
    require automobile components to be recyclable.

    Types of Natural Fiber

    Banana Fiber

    SugarcaneBagasse
    Fiber

    Kenaf Fiber

    Jute Fiber

    Hemp Fiber

    1. Car partsApplications

    Exterior body
    parts

    Car
    Hood

    Front bumpers
    and fenders

    Door
    panels
    Various interior
    parts

    Natural fiber composites vs. synthetic fiber composites


    Study

    Materials

    Application

    Performance

    Schmidt & Meyer Hemp-EPDM-PP Auto Insulation


    Hemp fibers are
    (1998)
    vs. GF-EPDMcomponent (Ford able to replace
    PP
    car)
    glass fibers
    Diener & Siehler
    (1999)

    GF-PP vs. FlaxPP

    Auto car panel


    Successfully
    (Mercedes A car) passed all test

    Wotzel et al.
    (1999)

    Hemp Epoxy
    vs. ABS

    Auto side panel

    Do not discuss
    the performance

    CorbiereNicollier et al.
    (2001)

    China reed-PP
    vs. Glass-PP

    Transport pallet

    Satisfying
    service
    requirement

    Source : Joshi et al. (2003)

    Weight Reduction
    Component

    Study

    NFRP
    component

    Base
    component

    Auto side panel

    Wotzel et al.

    820 g (hempepoxy)

    1125 g (ABS)

    Auto insulation

    Schmidt &
    Meyer (1998)

    2.6 kg (hempPP)

    3.5 kg (GF-PP)

    Transport-Pallet

    CorbiereNicollier et al.
    (2001)

    11.77 kg (China
    reed PP)

    15 kg (GF PP)

    Source : Joshi et al. (2003)

    2. Recreation and Leisure

    Railing
    Patio furniture

    Decking product

    3. Insulated Roofing

    Roof
    sandwich
    with foam
    core

    Roof
    sandwich
    structure
    with
    bamboo
    core

    Applications
    4. Door panel

    Mechanics Terminology
    The approach to analyze the mechanical behavior of composite structures is:
    1.

    Find the average properties of a composite ply from the individual properties of the
    constituents. Properties include stiffness, strength, thermal, and moisture expansion
    coefcients. Note that average properties are derived by considering the ply to be
    homogeneous. This is called the micromechanics of a lamina.

    2.

    Develop the stressstrain relationships for a unidirectional/bidirectional lamina. Loads may


    be applied along the principal directions of symmetry of the lamina or off-axis. Also, one
    develops relationships for stiffness, thermal and moisture expansion coefcients, and
    strengths of angle plies. Failure theories of a lamina are based on stresses in the
    lamina and strength properties of a lamina. This is called the macromechanics of a
    lamina.

    An isotropic material has properties that are the same in all directions.
    A homogeneous body has properties that are the same at all points in the body.
    At a point in an anisotropic material, material properties are different in all directions.
    A nonhomogeneous or inhomogeneous body has material properties that are a function of
    the position on the body.

    A lamina (also called a ply or layer) is a single at layer of unidirectional bers or woven bers
    arranged in a matrix.
    A laminate is a stack of plies of composites. Each layer can be laid at various
    orientations and can be made up of different material systems.

    Hybrid composites contain more than one ber or one matrix system in a laminate.
    Interply hybrid laminates: contain plies made of two or more different composite systems.
    Intraply hybrid composites: consist of two or more different bers used in the same ply.
    An interplyintraply hybrid : consists of plies that have two or more different bers in
    the same ply and distinct composite systems in more than one ply.
    Resin hybrid laminates: combine two or more resins instead of combining two or more
    bers in a laminate.

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