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    Nuclear Enegy

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    Jopie Aranda
    Nuclear energy is released through the splitting or fusing of atomic nuclei. Nuclear fission is the process by which uranium atoms split, releasing energy and neutrons which can then split more atoms in a self-sustaining chain reaction. In 1942, Enrico Fermi succeeded in producing the first nuclear chain reaction using uranium and graphite. Most nuclear power plants in the US use light-water reactors which use uranium fuel enriched to 3% uranium-235 as fuel, and ordinary water as both moderator and coolant. Nuclear fusion is an alternative process where two light nuclei fuse to form a heavier nucleus, and is the process that powers the sun.

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    Nuclear Enegy

    Uploaded by

    Jopie Aranda
    71 views12 pages
    Nuclear energy is released through the splitting or fusing of atomic nuclei. Nuclear fission is the process by which uranium atoms split, releasing energy and neutrons which can then split more atoms in a self-sustaining chain reaction. In 1942, Enrico Fermi succeeded in producing the first nuclear chain reaction using uranium and graphite. Most nuclear power plants in the US use light-water reactors which use uranium fuel enriched to 3% uranium-235 as fuel, and ordinary water as both moderator and coolant. Nuclear fusion is an alternative process where two light nuclei fuse to form a heavier nucleus, and is the process that powers the sun.

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    Nuclear energy is released through the splitting or fusing of atomic nuclei. Nuclear fission is the process by which uranium atoms split, releasing energy and neutrons which can then split more atoms in a self-sustaining chain reaction. In 1942, Enrico Fermi succeeded in producing the first nuclear chain reaction using uranium and graphite. Most nuclear power plants in the US use light-water reactors which use uranium fuel enriched to 3% uranium-235 as fuel, and ordinary water as both moderator and coolant. Nuclear fusion is an alternative process where two light nuclei fuse to form a heavier nucleus, and is the process that powers the sun.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    71 views12 pages

    Nuclear Enegy

    Uploaded by

    Jopie Aranda
    Nuclear energy is released through the splitting or fusing of atomic nuclei. Nuclear fission is the process by which uranium atoms split, releasing energy and neutrons which can then split more atoms in a self-sustaining chain reaction. In 1942, Enrico Fermi succeeded in producing the first nuclear chain reaction using uranium and graphite. Most nuclear power plants in the US use light-water reactors which use uranium fuel enriched to 3% uranium-235 as fuel, and ordinary water as both moderator and coolant. Nuclear fusion is an alternative process where two light nuclei fuse to form a heavier nucleus, and is the process that powers the sun.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 12

    NUCLEAR

    ENERGY

    NUCLEAR
    ENERGY

    Nuclear Energy,energyreleasedduring the splitting or fusing


    of atomic nuclei. The energy of any system, whether physical,
    chemical, or nuclear, is manifested by the systems ability to
    do work or to release heat or radiation. The total energy in a
    system is always conserved, but it can be transferred to
    another system or changed in form.

    NUCLEAR ENERGY FROM


    FISSION

    Thetwokeycharacteristics of nuclear fission important for the


    practical release of nuclear energy are both evident in equation
    (2). First, the energy per fission is very large. In practical units,
    the fission of 1 kg (2.2 lb) of uranium-235 releases 18.7 million
    kilowatt-hours as heat. Second, the fission process initiated by
    the absorption of one neutron in uranium-235 releases about
    2.5 neutrons, on the average, from the split nuclei. The
    neutrons released in this manner quickly cause the fission of
    two more atoms, thereby releasing four or more additional
    neutrons and initiating a self-sustaining series of nuclear
    fissions, or a chain reaction, which results in continuous release

    NUCLEAR ENERGY FROM


    FISSION
    InDecember1942atthe University of Chicago, the Italian
    physicist Enrico Fermi succeeded in producing the first nuclear
    chain reaction. This was done with an arrangement of natural
    uranium lumps distributed within a large stack of pure
    graphite, a form of carbon. In Fermi's pile, or nuclear reactor,
    the graphite moderator served to slow the neutrons.

    LIGHT-WATER REACTOR

    Avarietyofreactortypes, characterized by the type of fuel,


    moderator, and coolant used, have been built throughout the
    world for the production of electric power. In the United States,
    with few exceptions, power reactors use nuclear fuel in the
    form of uranium oxide isotopically enriched to about three
    percent uranium-235. The moderator and coolant are highly
    purified ordinary water. A reactor of this type is called a lightwater reactor (LWR).

    PROPULSION REACTORS
    Nuclearpowerplantssimilar to the PWR are used for the
    propulsion plants of large surface naval vessels such as the
    aircraft carrier USS Nimitz. The basic technology of the PWR
    system was first developed in the U.S. naval reactor program
    directed by Admiral Hyman G. Rickover. Reactors for submarine
    propulsion are generally physically smaller and use more
    highly enriched uranium to permit a compact core. The United
    States, the United Kingdom, Russia, and France all have
    nuclear-powered submarines with such power plants.

    RESEARCH REACTORS
    Avarietyofsmallnuclear reactors have been built in many
    countries for use in education and training, research, and the
    production of radioactive isotopes. These reactors generally
    operate at power levels near one MW, and they are more easily
    started up and shut down than larger power reactors.

    BREEDER REACTORS
    Thekeyfeatureofabreeder reactor is that it produces more
    fuel than it consumes. It does this by promoting the absorption
    of excess neutrons in a fertile material. Several breeder reactor
    systems are technically feasible.

    NUCLEAR FUEL AND WASTES


    Thehazardousfuelsused in nuclear reactors present handling
    problems in their use. This is particularly true of the spent
    fuels, which must be stored or disposed of in some way.

    NUCLEAR FUSION
    Thereleaseofnuclear energy can occur at the low end of the
    binding energy curve (see accompanying chart) through the
    fusion of two light nuclei into a heavier one. The energy
    radiated by stars, including the Sun, arises from such fusion
    reactions deep in their interiors. At the enormous pressure and
    at temperatures above 15 million C (27 million F) existing
    there, hydrogen nuclei combine according to equation (1) and
    give rise to most of the energy released by the Sun.

    NUCLEAR FUSION
    Aplasmahotenoughfor fusion cannot be contained by
    ordinary materials. The plasma would cool very rapidly, and
    the vessel walls would be destroyed by the extreme heat.
    However, since the plasma consists of charged nuclei and
    electrons, which move in tight spirals around the lines of force
    of strong magnetic fields, the plasma can be contained in a
    properly shaped magnetic field region without reacting with
    material walls.

    NUCLEAR FUSION
    Iffusionenergydoes become practical, it offers the following
    advantages: (1) a limitless source of fuel, deuterium from the
    ocean; (2) no possibility of a reactor accident, as the amount of
    fuel in the system is very small; and (3) waste products much
    less radioactive and simpler to handle than those from fission
    systems.

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