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    Control of Gene Expression

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    Bhaskar Ganguly
    This document discusses gene expression and control of gene expression. It can be summarized as follows: 1) Gene expression is the process by which a gene's DNA sequence is transcribed into mRNA and then translated into protein. Cells regulate which genes are expressed in response to various signals. 2) Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells regulate gene expression through transcriptional regulation, which controls the amount of mRNA produced from a gene. Transcription factors and other proteins control the binding of RNA polymerase to stimulate or repress transcription. 3) Many bacterial genes are organized into operons, clusters of genes that are controlled by a single promoter. The classic example is the lac operon, which is induced by the presence

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    Control of Gene Expression

    Uploaded by

    Bhaskar Ganguly
    150 views20 pages
    This document discusses gene expression and control of gene expression. It can be summarized as follows: 1) Gene expression is the process by which a gene's DNA sequence is transcribed into mRNA and then translated into protein. Cells regulate which genes are expressed in response to various signals. 2) Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells regulate gene expression through transcriptional regulation, which controls the amount of mRNA produced from a gene. Transcription factors and other proteins control the binding of RNA polymerase to stimulate or repress transcription. 3) Many bacterial genes are organized into operons, clusters of genes that are controlled by a single promoter. The classic example is the lac operon, which is induced by the presence

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    A primer on the control mechanisms involved in regulation of gene expression

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    This document discusses gene expression and control of gene expression. It can be summarized as follows: 1) Gene expression is the process by which a gene's DNA sequence is transcribed into mRNA and then translated into protein. Cells regulate which genes are expressed in response to various signals. 2) Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells regulate gene expression through transcriptional regulation, which controls the amount of mRNA produced from a gene. Transcription factors and other proteins control the binding of RNA polymerase to stimulate or repress transcription. 3) Many bacterial genes are organized into operons, clusters of genes that are controlled by a single promoter. The classic example is the lac operon, which is induced by the presence

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    150 views20 pages

    Control of Gene Expression

    Uploaded by

    Bhaskar Ganguly
    This document discusses gene expression and control of gene expression. It can be summarized as follows: 1) Gene expression is the process by which a gene's DNA sequence is transcribed into mRNA and then translated into protein. Cells regulate which genes are expressed in response to various signals. 2) Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells regulate gene expression through transcriptional regulation, which controls the amount of mRNA produced from a gene. Transcription factors and other proteins control the binding of RNA polymerase to stimulate or repress transcription. 3) Many bacterial genes are organized into operons, clusters of genes that are controlled by a single promoter. The classic example is the lac operon, which is induced by the presence

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 20

    CONTROL OF GENE

    EXPRESSION
    Bhaskar Ganguly
    Ph.D., M.V.Sc., B.V.Sc. & A.H.

    Gene Expression
    Gene Expression is a process by which
    a genes DNA sequence is turned into
    functional protein
    Marked by the production of mRNA in a
    cell
    All cells contain the same genome, but
    not all genes are transcribed &
    translated
    Specific cues to express genes include:
    temperature changes, nutrients in the
    external environment, hormones, or other
    complex signals

    Gene Control

    Gene regulation is a
    process by which genes are
    controlled (turned on and off)
    in response to signals

    Cells regulate the genes that


    are expressed

    Prokaryotic & eukaryotic


    cells regulate a bit differently

    Transcriptional regulation (common to both cells)


    refers to controlling the amount of mRNA transcribed.

    Transcriptional
    Regulation
    Once the amount of mRNA is controlled, the amount of
    protein is indirectly controlled

    RNA polymerase binds at the promoter (found


    upstream of gene sequences), which indicates the
    beginning site for transcription
    Eukaryotic promoters commonly
    have a CAAT box (GGCCAATCT)
    about 80 nucleotides upstream of
    the start site of gene and a TATA
    box
    (TATAAAA)
    about
    30
    nucleotides upstream of start site of
    gene

    Transcription Factors
    Transcription factors are DNA binding proteins that
    regulate the binding of RNA polymerase to stimulate
    transcription of a gene.
    Bind to the TATA & CAAT
    boxes
    to
    stimulate
    transcription

    Bind upstream to either


    enhance
    or
    repress
    transcription of a gene by
    assisting or blocking RNA
    polymerase binding

    Enhancers
    Many regulated genes
    contain enhancers

    They are regulatory


    DNA sequences, about
    50 or more base pairs

    They are found upstream (occasionally downstream),


    and can be bound by regulatory proteins

    Can be located far, but a loop in DNA causes contact


    The regulatory proteins are called activators

    Activators
    Activators are
    DNA-binding
    proteins
    that
    regulate
    one
    or
    more
    genes
    by
    increasing the rate
    of transcription
    They bind to particular enhancers

    They interact with transcription factors and RNA


    polymerase to activate or enhance transcription of a gene

    Examples include certain hormones

    Repressors
    A repressor is a
    DNA-binding
    protein
    that
    regulates
    the
    expression of one
    or more genes by
    decreasing the rate
    transcriptionbind within the promoter, preventing RNA
    ofRepressors
    polymerase from binding

    Identifying promoters, enhancer sequences, and


    transcription factors is important for making biotech
    products!

    Prokaryotic Regulation

    Many bacterial genes are


    arrangements called operons.

    organized

    in

    Operons
    Operons are clusters of
    several related genes that
    are located together and
    controlled by a single
    promoter.

    Many genes controlling


    nutrient
    metabolism
    by
    bacteria are organized as
    operons.

    lac operon
    Classic example of gene regulation = lac operon
    Consists of 3 genes:
    lac z (encodes -galactosidase)
    lac y (encodes permease)
    lac a (encodes acetylase)
    These 3 enzymes are necessary for transport &
    breakdown of lactose (important energy source) by
    bacterial cells.

    lac operon basics


    lac for lactose!
    Lactose is transported into the
    cell using permease

    Lactose is degraded into


    glucose + galactose by the
    enzyme -galactosidase

    The function of acetylase is


    not clear (protection possibly?)

    lac operon (on)

    lac operon in absence of lactose


    Lac operon regulated by protein lac
    repressor (encoded by lac i gene - a
    regulator gene upstream of operon).

    Repressor protein binds to operator


    An operator is a segment of DNA that
    regulates the activity of the structural genes
    of an operon that it is linked to, by interacting
    with a specific repressor or activator.
    Blocks RNA polymerase from binding to promoter

    Blocks transcription of z, y, a genes

    lac operon (off)

    Inducible Operon
    Bacteria grown with lactose; sugars
    are inducers (stimulate transcription
    by disabling repressor protein)

    Lactose binds to lac repressor


    (changing its shape; thus, preventing
    binding of repressor to operator)

    RNA polymerase binds to promoter


    to stimulate transcription of the
    operon.

    This is called an inducible operon.


    (Enzymes needed when nutrient is

    Trp operon
    trp for tryptophan, an amino
    acid
    Produces 5 enzymes that
    are part of an anabolic
    pathway for the synthesis of
    tryptophan
    Regulator gene codes for
    inactive repressor (enzymes
    ordinarily made).

    Repressible operon
    In presence of tryptophan, the
    enzymes are not needed
    Tryptophan binds to repressor
    (changes shape & is now able to
    attach to operator & genes are
    not expressed)
    Hence, tryptophan is called a corepressor.

    This is an example of a repressible operon


    (enzymes needed when nutrient is not present).

    Trp operon

    THANK YOU

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