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    How To Read A Pedigree

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    Meri Sunder
    Pedigrees are family trees that show genetic inheritance over multiple generations. They use symbols to represent individuals and their genetic characteristics or conditions. To interpret a pedigree, one determines if a disease is autosomal or X-linked and dominant or recessive by examining patterns of affected individuals among genders and generations. Recombinant DNA techniques allow genes to be cut and pasted between organisms, such as inserting human genes into bacteria, creating transgenic organisms with altered traits. This "cut and paste" genetic engineering has many applications including producing human insulin in bacteria.

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    How To Read A Pedigree

    Uploaded by

    Meri Sunder
    83 views40 pages
    Pedigrees are family trees that show genetic inheritance over multiple generations. They use symbols to represent individuals and their genetic characteristics or conditions. To interpret a pedigree, one determines if a disease is autosomal or X-linked and dominant or recessive by examining patterns of affected individuals among genders and generations. Recombinant DNA techniques allow genes to be cut and pasted between organisms, such as inserting human genes into bacteria, creating transgenic organisms with altered traits. This "cut and paste" genetic engineering has many applications including producing human insulin in bacteria.

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    Genetics

    Original Title

    How to Read a Pedigree

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    Pedigrees are family trees that show genetic inheritance over multiple generations. They use symbols to represent individuals and their genetic characteristics or conditions. To interpret a pedigree, one determines if a disease is autosomal or X-linked and dominant or recessive by examining patterns of affected individuals among genders and generations. Recombinant DNA techniques allow genes to be cut and pasted between organisms, such as inserting human genes into bacteria, creating transgenic organisms with altered traits. This "cut and paste" genetic engineering has many applications including producing human insulin in bacteria.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    83 views40 pages

    How To Read A Pedigree

    Uploaded by

    Meri Sunder
    Pedigrees are family trees that show genetic inheritance over multiple generations. They use symbols to represent individuals and their genetic characteristics or conditions. To interpret a pedigree, one determines if a disease is autosomal or X-linked and dominant or recessive by examining patterns of affected individuals among genders and generations. Recombinant DNA techniques allow genes to be cut and pasted between organisms, such as inserting human genes into bacteria, creating transgenic organisms with altered traits. This "cut and paste" genetic engineering has many applications including producing human insulin in bacteria.

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    Pedigree Charts

    The family tree of genetics

    Pedigree Charts
    I
    II
    III

    Overview
    What is a pedigree?

    I.

    a.
    b.

    Definition
    Uses

    Constructing a pedigree

    II.

    a.
    b.
    III.

    Symbols
    Connecting the symbols

    Interpreting a pedigree

    What is a Pedigree?
    A

    pedigree is a chart of the genetic


    history of family over several
    generations.

    Scientists

    or a genetic counselor would


    find out about your family history and
    make this chart to analyze.

    Constructing a Pedigree

    Female

    Male

    Connecting Pedigree Symbols


    Examples of connected symbols:
    Fraternal

    twins

    Identical

    twins

    Connecting Pedigree Symbols


    Examples of connected symbols:
    Married
    Siblings

    Couple

    Example
    What

    like?

    does a pedigree chart look

    Symbols in a Pedigree Chart

    Affected
    X-linked
    Autosomal

    carrier
    Deceased

    Interpreting a Pedigree Chart


    1.

    Determine if the pedigree chart shows an


    autosomal or X-linked disease.
    If most of the males in the pedigree are
    affected the disorder is X-linked
    If it is a 50/50 ratio between men and
    women the disorder is autosomal.

    Example of Pedigree Charts


    Is

    it Autosomal or X-linked?

    Answer
    Autosomal

    Interpreting a Pedigree Chart


    2.

    Determine whether the disorder is


    dominant or recessive.
    If the disorder is dominant, one of
    the parents must have the disorder.
    If the disorder is recessive, neither
    parent has to have the disorder
    because they can be heterozygous.

    Example of Pedigree Charts


    Dominant

    or Recessive?

    Answer
    Dominant

    Example of Pedigree Charts


    Dominant

    or Recessive?

    Answer
    Recessive

    Summary
    Pedigrees

    are family trees that explain


    your genetic history.
    Pedigrees are used to find out the
    probability of a child having a disorder
    in a particular family.
    To begin to interpret a pedigree,
    determine if the disease or condition is
    autosomal or X-linked and dominant or
    recessive.

    Pedigree Chart -Cystic Fibrosis

    Human Genetics

    Karyotype

    Chromosome Number
    Different # for
    Homologous
    different species
    Chromosomes

    Full set =
    2N=Diploid
    are
    the
    sets
    of
    N=
    each
    pair

    # pairs

    1 pair from mother


    1 pair from father
    Humans= 23 pairs or
    46 total

    Autosomes & Sex


    Chromosomes

    Autosomes = # 122 for all traits


    except sex
    Sex chromosomes=
    Pair # 23 XX(female) or
    XY(male)

    Down Syndrome= 3 of #21

    Klinefelters = XXY

    Multiple Alleles
    More

    than TYPES:
    one type of A
    I AI A, I Ai
    allele for a B
    IBIB , IBi
    trait
    AB IAIB
    Example:
    O
    ii
    Blood Type

    Mutation

    1.

    2.

    3.
    4.

    Change in DNA
    code
    Caused by:
    Chemical
    damage
    Errors in
    Replication
    X-ray damage
    UV damage

    A
    T
    G
    C

    A
    to A
    G
    C

    Mutation
    Changes

    in the
    DNA code
    = Changes in
    the final
    proteins made
    =Changes in
    the organism

    Genetic
    Technology

    Recombinant

    DNA &
    Bacterial Transformation

    1. Transgenic tobacco plant?


    Genetically

    engineered
    Inserting fire
    fly genes into
    the plant
    Using cut &
    paste
    enzymes

    2. Genetic Engineering:
    Altering

    the genetic makeup


    of an organism
    By Cutting DNA from one
    organism and inserting
    fragments into a host
    Recombinant DNA
    Alters the allele frequency of
    a population by artificial
    means

    Recombinant DNA:
    Recombine
    Connecting

    or
    reconnecting DNA
    fragments
    DNA of two different
    organisms

    Example: lab of inserting human DNA into


    bacteria

    Genetic Engineering of Insulin


    Human DNA cut out
    Human DNA put
    into bacteria DNA

    Bacteria DNA is opened up

    Many Bacteria
    Grow human
    insulin

    4. Transgenic Organism:
    trans

    = across
    genic = race
    Contains genes from
    another organism
    Bacteria
    Virus
    Human

    5. Tobacco Recombinant DNA


    Process:
    a.

    b.

    c.

    Isolated DNA to be
    inserted into host
    Attach DNA fragment to a
    vehicle (vector)
    Transfer the vector to the
    host=
    Transgenic organisms

    Restriction Enzymes:

    Human Cut
    Restriction Enzymes cut DNA at
    very specific sites
    Separate the base pairs of both
    strands
    Scissors in Recombinant DNA

    Bacterium
    DNA cut

    7. Sticky ends
    DNA

    cuts that have single


    stranded ends
    Attract corresponding base
    pairs
    Made by special restriction
    (cutting) enzymes
    GGCCATTAC
    Stick together
    TACCGG
    CCGC
    TAATGATGGC

    Vectors = vehicles
    Carry

    foreign DNA
    fragments into the host
    Bacteria carried the firefly
    DNA into the tobacco cells
    Biological or
    Mechanical

    Vectors:
    Biological: Mechanical:
    Virus
    Micropipett
    Bacterial
    e
    plasmid
    Metal bullet
    (circular
    coated with
    DNA)
    DNA

    Recombinant DNA Uses:


    Grow human
    hormones in
    bacteria cultures
    Artificial
    sweeteners using
    bacteria to make
    amino acids
    Study human
    diseases by
    inserting human
    DNA into mice
    Replace incorrect
    DNA sequences

    Replace harmful
    bacteria on plants
    Nitrogen bacteria
    in the soil &
    plants to make
    fertilizer
    Improve transport
    of fruits
    Resist diseases
    Increase protein
    production

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