Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 354 views

    Differential Amplifiers

    Uploaded by

    Vianca CamilLe Incognito-Castillo Panganiban
    The document describes a differential amplifier, which produces an output signal proportional to the difference between its two input signals. It has a high gain for differential inputs and negligible gain for common inputs. The circuit uses two transistors with common emitter connections and separate inputs and outputs. It can operate with single-ended or differential inputs. With differential input, the outputs are 180 degrees out of phase, while with common-mode input, both outputs are zero. An operational amplifier is constructed using multiple differential amplifier stages to achieve very high gain. Several op-amp applications are also described including inverting, non-inverting, summing amplifiers and more.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Differential Amplifiers

    Uploaded by

    Vianca CamilLe Incognito-Castillo Panganiban
    354 views38 pages
    The document describes a differential amplifier, which produces an output signal proportional to the difference between its two input signals. It has a high gain for differential inputs and negligible gain for common inputs. The circuit uses two transistors with common emitter connections and separate inputs and outputs. It can operate with single-ended or differential inputs. With differential input, the outputs are 180 degrees out of phase, while with common-mode input, both outputs are zero. An operational amplifier is constructed using multiple differential amplifier stages to achieve very high gain. Several op-amp applications are also described including inverting, non-inverting, summing amplifiers and more.

    Original Description:

    lecture on differential amplifiers and it circuit diagrams and computations

    Original Title

    Differential amplifiers

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    The document describes a differential amplifier, which produces an output signal proportional to the difference between its two input signals. It has a high gain for differential inputs and negligible gain for common inputs. The circuit uses two transistors with common emitter connections and separate inputs and outputs. It can operate with single-ended or differential inputs. With differential input, the outputs are 180 degrees out of phase, while with common-mode input, both outputs are zero. An operational amplifier is constructed using multiple differential amplifier stages to achieve very high gain. Several op-amp applications are also described including inverting, non-inverting, summing amplifiers and more.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    354 views38 pages

    Differential Amplifiers

    Uploaded by

    Vianca CamilLe Incognito-Castillo Panganiban
    The document describes a differential amplifier, which produces an output signal proportional to the difference between its two input signals. It has a high gain for differential inputs and negligible gain for common inputs. The circuit uses two transistors with common emitter connections and separate inputs and outputs. It can operate with single-ended or differential inputs. With differential input, the outputs are 180 degrees out of phase, while with common-mode input, both outputs are zero. An operational amplifier is constructed using multiple differential amplifier stages to achieve very high gain. Several op-amp applications are also described including inverting, non-inverting, summing amplifiers and more.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 38
    At a glance
    Powered by AI
    The key takeaways are that a differential amplifier amplifies the difference between its two input signals and can operate in single-ended, differential and common mode configurations. It is the basic building block of an operational amplifier.

    A differential amplifier amplifies the difference between its two input signals. It produces an output proportional to the difference between the inputs while rejecting signals common to both inputs. The circuit has two separate inputs, two outputs and both emitter terminals are connected together.

    The different modes of operation are single-ended input where either input 1 or 2 is applied while the other is grounded, differential input where opposite polarity signals are applied to both inputs, and common mode input where the same signal is applied to both inputs.

    DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER,

    DIFF-AMP
    An amplifier that produces an output
    signal proportional to the difference of the
    two input signals. It has a very large gain
    when opposite signals are applied to the
    inputs as compared to the negligible gain
    resulting from common inputs. Commonly
    used for the input stages of an operational
    amplifier.

    BASIC CIRCUIT
    The circuit has two separate inputs, two outputs,
    and both emitter terminals are connected
    together.

    MODES OF SIGNAL OPERATION:


    SINGLE-ENDED INPUT
    Case 1: Vi1 0 and Vi2 = 0

    Input signal is applied to B1 ( Vi1 0 ).


    B2 is grounded ( Vi2 = 0).
    Inverted amplified output signal, Vo1, appears at terminal
    C1.
    A signal voltage Ve appears in phase at the emitter of Q1
    and Q2 which becomes an input to Q2.
    Q2 functions as a common-base amplifier.
    Noninverted amplified output signal, Vo2, appears at
    terminal C2.
    Voltage gain Av1 = - Rc / re.
    Voltage gain Av2 = +Rc / re.

    CONFIGURATION

    Case 2: Vi2 0 and Vi1 = 0

    Input signal is applied to B2 ( Vi2 0 ).


    B1 is grounded ( Vi1 = 0).
    Inverted amplified output signal, Vo2, appears at terminal
    C2.
    A signal voltage Ve appears in phase at the emitter of Q1
    and Q2 which becomes an input to Q1.
    Q1 functions as a common-base amplifier.
    Noninverted amplified output signal, Vo1, appears at
    terminal C1.
    Voltage gain Av2 = - Rc / re.
    Voltage gain Av1 = +Rc / re.

    CONFIGURATION

    DIFFERENTIAL INPUT
    Two

    opposite-polarity input signals are


    applied to the inputs ( double-ended
    operation).
    Vi1 and Vo2 are in phase.
    Vi2 and Vo1 are in phase.
    There is a 180 out-of-phase relationship
    between Vo1 and Vo2.
    / Vo1/ = / Vo2/

    COMMON-MODE INPUT
    The

    same input is applied to both input


    terminals.
    The output signals for both transistors are
    equal to zero

    COMMON-MODE REJECTION
    RATIO, CMRR

    The ratio between differential voltage gain and


    common-mode gain.
    The measure of an amplifiers ability to reject
    common-mode signals.
    CMRR = (ideal).
    CMRR = Avd / Acm
    Where: Avd = differential voltage gain
    Acm = common-mode gain
    Expressed in decibels
    CMRR = 20 log ( Avd / Acm)

    OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
    An op-amp is a high gain differential amplifier with
    high input impedance (Zi) and low output
    impedance (Zo). An op-amp contains several
    stages of differential amplifier to achieve a very
    high voltage gain.

    Typical op-amp unit

    The concept of negative feedback is used


    in several op-amp applications. Negative
    feedback is the process whereby a portion
    of the output voltage of an amplifier is
    returned to the input with a phase angle
    that opposes the input signal.

    OUTPUT VOLTAGE
    Op-amp provides an output component that is due to
    the amplification of the difference of the signals (Vd)
    applied to the two inputs and a component due to the
    signals common to both inputs(Vc).

    Vo = AdVd + AcVc

    Where : Vd = difference voltage


    Vd = Vi1 Vi2
    Vc = common voltage
    ( unwanted)
    Vi1 + Vi2
    Vc = -------------2
    Ad = differential gain
    Ac = common mode gain
    Ad >> Ac

    COMMON MODE REJECTION


    RATIO, CMRR
    The measure of an amplifiers ability
    to reject unwanted signals. The main
    purpose of differential connection is
    to amplify the difference signal while
    rejecting the common signal (noise)
    at the inputs.

    CMRR = Ad
    Ac
    CMRRdB= 20 log Ad
    Ac
    CMRR = infinite (ideal)
    the larger the value, the better the circuit operation
    Vo = AdVd + AcVc
    Vo = AdVd

    Vo =

    1 + AcVc
    AdVd
    AdVd

    Vc
    1 + ------------CMRR Vd

    DC OFFSSET PARAMETER
    (output error voltage)
    Unwanted voltage and current
    generated by the internal
    circuitry and not by the applied
    input signal.

    INPUT OFFSET VOLTAGE; VIO


    (1mV ~ 6mV)
    When Vi = 0, the circuit acts like an
    noninverting amplifier.

    Vo(offset) =

    VIO [ 1 + Rf / R1 ]

    INPUT OFFSET CURRENT;IIO


    (20nA ~ 200 nA)
    An offset current due to the difference in currents
    at the two inputs.

    Vo(offset) = IIO Rf
    TOTAL OUTPUT OFFSET VOLTAGE
    Vo(offset) = VIO [ 1 + Rf / R1 ] + IIO Rf

    INPUT BIAS CURRENT , I IB


    I+IB + I-IB
    IIB = --------------2
    I+IB = IIB + IIO
    2
    I-IB = IIB - IIO
    2
    IIO = I+IB - I-IB

    FREQUENCY PARAMETERS
    CUTOFF FREQUENCY, fc
    fc = f1 / AVD
    Where B1 = unity- gain BW
    f1 = unity- gain freq
    AVD = voltage differential gain
    = open loop voltage gain
    = 200V/mV typical
    = 20V/mV (min)

    SLEW RATE, SR
    Slew rate is the maximum permissible rate at which op-amp
    output can change in volts per microsecond. If the rate of
    output voltage change is greater than SR, the output signal
    will be distorted.

    SR = Vo / t
    Vo = ACL Vi
    Vo / t = ACL [ Vi / t ]
    SR = ACL [ Vi / t ]

    MAXIMUM SIGNAL
    FREQUENCY
    The input frequency of an op-amp is dependent on both the
    bandwidth and slew rate parameters

    ws < SR/ K
    K =output gain factor
    K = ACL Vi

    SAMPLE APPLICATIONS

    INVERTING AMPLIFIER
    Vo = - (Rf / R1) Vi
    Zi = R1 + Rf / AOL R1
    Zo = [ AOL / ( 1 + AOL)] Rf // Zout
    Zo Zout

    Where Zout = open-loop output impedance


    Zin = open-loop input impedance
    AOL = open-loop gain
    Zi = input impedance of the
    inverting amplifier
    Zo = output impedance of the
    inverting amplifier
    B = feedback fraction
    AOL(mid) = midrange open-loop gain
    fi = signal frequency
    fc = critical frequency
    BWCL = closed-loop BW

    NONINVERTING AMPLIFIER

    Vo = [ 1 + Rf / R1 ] Vi
    Zi = [ 1 + AOLB ] Zin
    Zo = Zout / ( 1 + AOLB)

    UNITY FOLLOWER
    A voltage buffer configuration provides a means of
    isolating an input signal from a load.

    Vo = Vi
    B=1
    ACL = 1
    Zi = ( 1 + AOL) Zin
    Zo = Zout / ( 1+ AOL)

    SUMMING AMPLIFIER

    Rf
    Rf
    Rf
    Vo = - ------ V1 + -------- V2 + ---------V3
    R1
    R2
    R3

    INTEGRATOR

    DIFFERENTIATOR

    VOLTAGE DIFFERENCE

    INSTRUMENTATION
    AMPLIFIER

    Vo = [1 + 2Rf / RG ] ( V1 V2 )
    Let R1 = R3 = R2 = R4 = R
    Rf1 = Rf2 = Rf

    PHASE-SHIFT OSCILLATOR
    Oscillator is a circuit that produces periodic (repeating)
    waveforms on its output with only the dc supply as a
    required input.

    fo =

    1_____
    26 RC

    B = 1 / 29

    ACTIVE FILTERS

    First-order LPF

    Fourth-order LPF

    Values for Butterworth


    Response
    Order

    Roll off rate


    dB/Decade

    First stage
    Poles

    First stage
    DF

    Second stage
    Poles

    Second stage
    DF

    20

    Optional

    40

    1.414

    60

    80

    5
    6

    Third stage
    Poles

    Third stage
    DF

    1.0

    1.0

    1.848

    0.765

    100

    1.0

    1.618

    0.618

    120

    1.932

    1.414

    0.518

    FUNCTION GENERATOR
    Vz1

    Vz2
    R4

    R3

    X1

    C11

    C12

    X10k 2

    11

    R2

    X10

    V-

    X1k

    C14
    1

    2 X1

    C1

    2 X10

    C2

    2 X100

    C3

    C4

    11

    V+

    2
    3

    C5

    R11
    1

    OUT

    V-

    OUT
    -

    X10k

    X1k

    R10
    1

    C10

    R7

    X100

    C9

    X10

    C8

    C7

    R8

    X1

    C6

    X10k

    R6

    R5

    3
    R9

    11

    X1k
    1

    C15

    V-

    X100

    C13

    OUT

    V+

    R1

    V+

    Vout

    You might also like