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    Lectures On Operational Amplifiers

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    Ronald Mulinde
    This document provides an overview of operational amplifiers (OP-AMPs), including their characteristics, symbol, configurations, and applications. It discusses how OP-AMPs are used as summers, difference amplifiers, integrators, and differentiators. It also examines the 741 OP-AMP and its use as a comparator in circuits for applications like detection and alarms. Diagrams are included to illustrate OP-AMP configurations and an example of a comparator circuit with a sinusoidal input signal. The document concludes with brief notes on technical report writing format, structure, illustrations, and finalizing reports.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Lectures On Operational Amplifiers

    Uploaded by

    Ronald Mulinde
    120 views22 pages
    This document provides an overview of operational amplifiers (OP-AMPs), including their characteristics, symbol, configurations, and applications. It discusses how OP-AMPs are used as summers, difference amplifiers, integrators, and differentiators. It also examines the 741 OP-AMP and its use as a comparator in circuits for applications like detection and alarms. Diagrams are included to illustrate OP-AMP configurations and an example of a comparator circuit with a sinusoidal input signal. The document concludes with brief notes on technical report writing format, structure, illustrations, and finalizing reports.

    Original Description:

    A brief introduction to operational amplifier characteristics

    Original Title

    Lectures on Operational Amplifiers

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    © Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)

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    This document provides an overview of operational amplifiers (OP-AMPs), including their characteristics, symbol, configurations, and applications. It discusses how OP-AMPs are used as summers, difference amplifiers, integrators, and differentiators. It also examines the 741 OP-AMP and its use as a comparator in circuits for applications like detection and alarms. Diagrams are included to illustrate OP-AMP configurations and an example of a comparator circuit with a sinusoidal input signal. The document concludes with brief notes on technical report writing format, structure, illustrations, and finalizing reports.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    120 views22 pages

    Lectures On Operational Amplifiers

    Uploaded by

    Ronald Mulinde
    This document provides an overview of operational amplifiers (OP-AMPs), including their characteristics, symbol, configurations, and applications. It discusses how OP-AMPs are used as summers, difference amplifiers, integrators, and differentiators. It also examines the 741 OP-AMP and its use as a comparator in circuits for applications like detection and alarms. Diagrams are included to illustrate OP-AMP configurations and an example of a comparator circuit with a sinusoidal input signal. The document concludes with brief notes on technical report writing format, structure, illustrations, and finalizing reports.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 22

    Outline

    Introduction to the OP-AMP. OP- AMP characteristics OP-AMP circuit symbol and diagram Some OP-AMP configurations The OP-AMP used as a summer, difference, integrator, and differentiator. The 741 OP-AMP as a comparator. The comparator circuit and applications. The OP-AMP as a comparator. A brief look at technical report writing.
    Ronald Mulinde

    Introduction An amplifier is a device that accepts a varying input signal and produces a similar output signal with a larger amplitude.
    Most Op-Amps behave like voltage amplifiers. They take an input voltage and output a scaled version. They are the basic components used to build analog circuits.

    Ronald Mulinde

    Characteristics
    Current gain is the ratio of the current at the output terminal to the current at the input terminal.

    Voltage Gain is the ratio of the voltage at the output terminal to that at the input terminal

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    Circuit symbol A triangle shape is the generic symbol for an amplifier circuit, the wide end signifying the input and the narrow end signifying the output.

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    1 Offset null
    2- Inverting input terminal (v-)
    3-Non inverting input terminal (v+) 4- Negative DC Bias (-Vcc) 5-Offset null 6-Output (Vout) 7 Positive DC Bias(+Vcc) 8-No connection.
    Ronald Mulinde

    Notes

    on the 741-OP AMP

    The 741 OP-AMP is the most widely used OPAMP . It is a cheap and general purpose amplifier.

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    In this configuration there is no connection (feedback) between the output and input terminals of the Operational amplifier. We talk about the amplifiers Open loop voltage gain.

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    Feedback without resistor in feedback loop.

    With resistor in feedback loop

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    In this configuration there is a connection between the output and input terminals of the operational amplifier. This connection is called the feedback loop. The loop may consist of several components or just a wire. The gain of the amplifier in this configuration is called the closed loop voltage gain.

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    Inverting configuration. The input signal is connected to the inverting terminal of the operational amplifier.

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    Non inverting configurations The input signal is connected to the noninverting terminal of the operational amplifier.

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    Summing

    amplifier

    This is used to obtain a sum of several input signals.

    Difference

    amplifier

    This is used to obtain a difference of the input signals. Other applications include the Comparator, differentiator, integrator and many others.
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    Introduction
    A comparator compares two input voltages. One voltage which is called the reference voltage (Vref) and the other called the input voltage (Vin). When Vin rises above or falls below Vref the output changes to HIGH and LOW respectively. The OP-AMP operates in saturation mode due to the very high values of the open loop gain. (Av is about 200,000).
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    When Vin is higher than Vref, the output Vo saturates to +Vcc. When Vin is less than Vref, the output Vo saturates to -Vcc.

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    Circuits that involve decision making (object detection). Authentication and authorization circuit systems such as detectors, alarms (buzzer). Signal detection a signal is distinguished from noise if it exceeds the (reference) signal value.

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    The input signal is fed to the inverting terminal where as the reference signal is connected to the non-inverting terminal. The output is low if the input signal level is below the reference signal level. The output is high if the input signal level exceeds the reference signal level.

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    Let us consider an example of a sinusoidal input.

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    Let us consider an example of a sinusoidal input. When the input level exceeds Vref, the Op amp is driven into positive saturation mode giving a out put +Vcc. When the Vin value goes below Vref, the Op Amp is driven into negative saturation mode giving an out put Vcc. A periodic input signal (sinusoid), gives a periodic output (Square).
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    Format

    Structure the report logically for convenience of the reader. Use headings, sections and subsections.
    Writing

    the

    Put your reader first. Be brief and precise. Keep it short and sweet (KISS) Double check your report for grammatical errors.
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    Illustrations

    Label your tables, graphs, diagrams well. Use clear diagrams and units
    Finishing

    plots

    and

    Your report should look good to attract readers attention. Always Remember your reader is all that matters. Bad report = Waste basket.

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    THE END

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