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    Sains Form 1 Chapter 2

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    nazatulfirdaus
    Scientists need microscopes to view cells because cells are small. A compound microscope uses two lenses, an eyepiece and objective lens, to magnify images of cells. Microscopes can magnify up to 400x with light microscopy and over 300,000x with electron microscopy. The cell theory states that all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function, and new cells are produced from existing cells. Cells have a membrane, cytoplasm, and organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplasts that allow cells to carry out functions. Cells are organized into tissues, organs and organ systems that work together in living things.

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    Sains Form 1 Chapter 2

    Uploaded by

    nazatulfirdaus
    213 views67 pages
    Scientists need microscopes to view cells because cells are small. A compound microscope uses two lenses, an eyepiece and objective lens, to magnify images of cells. Microscopes can magnify up to 400x with light microscopy and over 300,000x with electron microscopy. The cell theory states that all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function, and new cells are produced from existing cells. Cells have a membrane, cytoplasm, and organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplasts that allow cells to carry out functions. Cells are organized into tissues, organs and organ systems that work together in living things.

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    Scientists need microscopes to view cells because cells are small. A compound microscope uses two lenses, an eyepiece and objective lens, to magnify images of cells. Microscopes can magnify up to 400x with light microscopy and over 300,000x with electron microscopy. The cell theory states that all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function, and new cells are produced from existing cells. Cells have a membrane, cytoplasm, and organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplasts that allow cells to carry out functions. Cells are organized into tissues, organs and organ systems that work together in living things.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    213 views67 pages

    Sains Form 1 Chapter 2

    Uploaded by

    nazatulfirdaus
    Scientists need microscopes to view cells because cells are small. A compound microscope uses two lenses, an eyepiece and objective lens, to magnify images of cells. Microscopes can magnify up to 400x with light microscopy and over 300,000x with electron microscopy. The cell theory states that all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function, and new cells are produced from existing cells. Cells have a membrane, cytoplasm, and organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplasts that allow cells to carry out functions. Cells are organized into tissues, organs and organ systems that work together in living things.

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    of 67

    Chapter 2

    The Cell

    2-1 Cells: The Units of Life

    The Microscope: A Tool


    Q: Why do scientists need to use
    microscopes?
    A: Cells are small

    Before

    Compound Microscope
    Combines the
    power of 2
    lenses to enlarge
    the image and
    blend light
    toward your eye

    Eye piece lens

    objective lens

    10x

    4x

    = 40x

    10x

    10x

    = 100x

    10x
    40x

    = 400x

    Low power
    Medium Power
    High Power

    Eyepiece or ocular lens


    Lens closest to the
    eye

    Objective Lens
    Lens closest to the
    specimen or object

    Nosepiece
    Objectives fastened
    to this revolving
    structure

    Stage
    Where you place
    your slide

    Stage clips
    Hold slide in place

    Body Tube
    Light travels through
    here

    Light Source
    Provides light

    Diaphragm
    Regulates the light
    reaching the
    objective lens

    Base
    Supports the
    microscope

    Arm
    Holds the body
    tube, acts as a
    handle

    Coarse focusing knob


    Used to focus under
    low power only

    Fine focusing knob


    Used to focus under
    high power only

    A microscope reverses and inverts the


    image of an object seen under it
    Before
    viewing
    under the
    microscope

    While
    viewing
    under the
    microscope

    Things moving under a microscope are


    actually moving in the opposite direction

    Things moving under a microscope are


    actually moving in the opposite direction

    Stereoscopic light microscope


    Give you 3D
    view of an
    object
    Used to look at
    thick things
    light cant pass
    through

    Electron Microscopes
    Can magnify
    things more
    than 300,000
    times

    Transmission electron microscope


    Used to study parts inside a cell

    Scanning Electron Microscope


    Used to see the surfaces of whole objects

    Cell Theory
    1. All organisms are made up of one
    or more cells
    2. Cells are the basic units of
    structure and function in all
    organisms
    3. All cells come from cells that
    already exist

    2-2 Cell Structure

    Living cells are dynamic and have


    several things in common
    Membrane
    Cytoplasm (gel-like material)
    Nucleus (control center)

    There are 2 basic types of cells


    1. Prokaryotic no nucleus
    2. Eukaryotic has a nucleus

    Cell Membrane
    Structure that forms the outer
    boundary of the cell and allows
    only certain materials to move in
    and out of the cell

    Features of the cell membrane


    Flexible
    Double layer of fats with some
    proteins scattered throughout

    Cytoplasm
    Gel-like material inside the cell
    membrane

    Organelles
    Structures within the cytoplasm of
    eukaryotic cells

    Nucleus
    Structure that directs all the
    activities of the cell
    Contains the DNA

    Chromatin
    Made up of protein and DNA
    (genetic blue print)

    Endoplasmic Reticulum
    Folded membrane that moves
    materials around in the cell
    Some have ribosomes on them,
    some dont

    Ribosomes
    Make
    proteins
    Some found
    on ER
    Others in
    cytoplasm

    Golgi Bodies
    The packaging and secreting
    organelles of the cell

    Mitochondria
    Where food molecules are broken
    down and energy is released

    Lysosomes
    Digests wastes
    and worn out
    cell parts

    Vacuoles
    Storage areas, store water, food, wastes
    Small in animals and large in plants

    Cell Wall
    Rigid structure
    outside the cell
    membrane that
    supports and
    protects the
    plant cell

    Chloroplasts
    Organelles where light energy is
    changed into chemical energy in
    the form of a sugar called glucose
    (C6H12O6)

    Chlorophyll
    Chemical in chloroplasts that
    traps light energy reflects green
    light

    Bacterial Cells
    Prokaryotic
    Dont have membrane bound
    organelles

    Features of bacterial cells

    Cell wall and cytoplasm


    Single chromosome
    No nuclei
    Ribosomes

    2-3 Cell Organization

    Nerve Cell
    Send impulses
    through your
    body

    Red Blood Cells


    Can change
    shape
    Flexible
    Move through
    the duct work of
    your blood
    vessels

    Plant Vessel Cell


    Transports
    water and
    minerals
    throughout the
    cell

    Tissues
    Groups of similar cells that do
    similar things
    Ex.) smooth muscle tissue

    Organ
    A structure made up of different
    types of tissues that work
    together
    Ex.) stomach

    Organ System
    A group of organs working
    together to do a certain job
    Ex.) digestive system

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